{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414110454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3608291","title":"A Hierarchical MAFDRL-Based Resource Allocation and Incentive Mechanism for TN-NTN in 6G Networks","display_name":"A Hierarchical MAFDRL-Based Resource Allocation and Incentive Mechanism for TN-NTN in 6G Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414110454","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3608291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3608291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3608291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076128522","display_name":"Abegaz Mohammed Seid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abegaz Mohammed Seid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-6132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061831106","display_name":"Aiman Erbad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7565-5253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiman Erbad","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","College of Engineering, Qatar University, Dohar, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Qatar University, Dohar, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051231351","display_name":"Hayla Nahom Abishu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-7579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayla Nahom Abishu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3243-7579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004399713","display_name":"Gordon Owusu Boateng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Owusu Boateng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications and Networking, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","Department of Communications and Networking, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-367X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications and Networking, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications and Networking, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015854563","display_name":"Latif U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Latif U. Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021780258","display_name":"Carla Fabiana Chiasserini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-660X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carla Fabiana Chiasserini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1410-660X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Department, Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076128522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2206827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":"2426","last_page":"2443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8748999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6100999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4708000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4438999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153517567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26090","display_name":"Mechanism design","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3608291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3608291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2744094691","https://openalex.org/W2883959991","https://openalex.org/W2886485362","https://openalex.org/W2953929453","https://openalex.org/W3037170119","https://openalex.org/W3081243160","https://openalex.org/W3081933036","https://openalex.org/W3083761276","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3130765118","https://openalex.org/W3131030483","https://openalex.org/W3135506433","https://openalex.org/W3138743904","https://openalex.org/W3153448713","https://openalex.org/W3161618639","https://openalex.org/W3174170930","https://openalex.org/W3175417893","https://openalex.org/W3178826893","https://openalex.org/W3179018212","https://openalex.org/W3179283102","https://openalex.org/W3204208956","https://openalex.org/W3212813280","https://openalex.org/W3214662754","https://openalex.org/W3215200847","https://openalex.org/W4206445469","https://openalex.org/W4212797575","https://openalex.org/W4214866088","https://openalex.org/W4220984320","https://openalex.org/W4225876608","https://openalex.org/W4226192790","https://openalex.org/W4284969219","https://openalex.org/W4285189370","https://openalex.org/W4289824408","https://openalex.org/W4292261130","https://openalex.org/W4293218370","https://openalex.org/W4293221718","https://openalex.org/W4294068647","https://openalex.org/W4312695224","https://openalex.org/W4320029392","https://openalex.org/W4360995544","https://openalex.org/W4381327887","https://openalex.org/W4385819873","https://openalex.org/W4386362921","https://openalex.org/W4386451695","https://openalex.org/W4389609958","https://openalex.org/W4390659876","https://openalex.org/W4391407229","https://openalex.org/W4391454546","https://openalex.org/W4392843740","https://openalex.org/W4405056252","https://openalex.org/W4405180696","https://openalex.org/W4407831496","https://openalex.org/W4410491899","https://openalex.org/W4412170835"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355932053","https://openalex.org/W2366296021","https://openalex.org/W2382571223","https://openalex.org/W2923452570","https://openalex.org/W206598027","https://openalex.org/W2978610750","https://openalex.org/W2138260944","https://openalex.org/W2022931285","https://openalex.org/W1589966275","https://openalex.org/W2086872282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,110],"address":[1],"the":[2,112,115,141],"limitations":[3],"of":[4,114],"existing":[5],"wireless":[6],"networks":[7,35],"for":[8,23],"demanding":[9],"applications":[10],"like":[11,59],"brain-computer":[12],"interfaces":[13],"and":[14,27,33,47,53,68,74,93,99,106,151,157],"intelligent":[15],"transportation":[16],"systems,":[17],"we":[18,125],"propose":[19],"an":[20,121],"advanced":[21],"framework":[22,38],"joint":[24],"resource":[25,72],"allocation":[26],"task":[28],"offloading":[29],"across":[30],"integrated":[31],"terrestrial":[32],"non-terrestrial":[34],"(TN-NTN).":[36],"This":[37],"utilizes":[39],"multiple":[40],"layers,":[41],"including":[42],"ground":[43],"users,":[44],"UAVs,":[45],"HAPs,":[46],"satellites,":[48],"to":[49,96,102],"improve":[50],"service":[51],"quality":[52],"immersive":[54],"experiences,":[55],"particularly":[56],"in":[57,88,120],"scenarios":[58],"Metaverse":[60],"applications.":[61],"Ground":[62],"users":[63,100],"request":[64],"resources,":[65],"while":[66],"UAVs":[67],"HAPs":[69],"serve":[70],"as":[71],"providers,":[73],"satellites":[75],"ensure":[76],"reliable":[77],"communication":[78],"during":[79],"emergencies.":[80],"A":[81],"double":[82],"auction-based":[83],"incentive":[84],"scheme":[85],"is":[86],"employed":[87],"which":[89,118],"operators":[90],"control":[91],"UAV":[92],"HAP":[94],"resources":[95],"maximize":[97],"utility,":[98],"aim":[101],"minimize":[103],"computation":[104],"costs":[105],"protect":[107],"data":[108],"privacy.":[109],"handle":[111],"complexity":[113],"operator-user":[116],"interaction,":[117],"results":[119,138],"NP-hard":[122],"optimization":[123],"problem,":[124],"applied":[126],"a":[127],"hierarchical":[128],"multi-agent":[129],"federated":[130],"deep":[131],"reinforcement":[132],"learning":[133],"(FeDRL)":[134],"approach.":[135],"Our":[136],"simulation":[137],"demonstrate":[139],"that":[140],"FeDRL":[142],"algorithm":[143],"significantly":[144],"improves":[145],"social":[146],"welfare":[147],"by":[148],"6.38%,":[149],"17.43%,":[150],"28.73%":[152],"over":[153],"modified":[154],"MADDPG,":[155],"FRL,":[156],"DDPG":[158],"algorithms,":[159],"respectively.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
