{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413277293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3599683","title":"Quantum Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Mobile Access in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks","display_name":"Quantum Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Mobile Access in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413277293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3599683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3599683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3599683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037294357","display_name":"Gyu Seon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-9749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyu Seon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-9749","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068534875","display_name":"Yeryeong Cho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeryeong Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103270367","display_name":"Jaehyun Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2202-7200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyun Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2202-7200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724796","display_name":"Soohyun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-9746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31766871","display_name":"Sookmyung Women's University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vvvt117","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soohyun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women&#x2019;s University, Seoul, South Korea","Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women&#x0027;s University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-9746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women&#x2019;s University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women&#x0027;s University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31766871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039532704","display_name":"Soyi Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8435-0646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soyi Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8435-0646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049202871","display_name":"Joongheon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-768X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joongheon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-768X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.1754,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9901986,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"1200","last_page":"1218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7708218097686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7393161654472351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.47400936484336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.4610511362552643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4138430953025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3963896334171295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32600024342536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23441794514656067}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7708218097686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7393161654472351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.47400936484336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.4610511362552643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4138430953025818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3963896334171295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32600024342536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23441794514656067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3599683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3599683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082281310","https://openalex.org/W2112947567","https://openalex.org/W2590828533","https://openalex.org/W2793875774","https://openalex.org/W2799292918","https://openalex.org/W2803359409","https://openalex.org/W2958608667","https://openalex.org/W2963060851","https://openalex.org/W2964023906","https://openalex.org/W2969525674","https://openalex.org/W3081933036","https://openalex.org/W3105504538","https://openalex.org/W3106649810","https://openalex.org/W3133541004","https://openalex.org/W3137585737","https://openalex.org/W3169817290","https://openalex.org/W3183779391","https://openalex.org/W3208391475","https://openalex.org/W3217757831","https://openalex.org/W4214889552","https://openalex.org/W4225567865","https://openalex.org/W4226072658","https://openalex.org/W4226424807","https://openalex.org/W4285247160","https://openalex.org/W4288071407","https://openalex.org/W4309728832","https://openalex.org/W4312256454","https://openalex.org/W4312749063","https://openalex.org/W4313476524","https://openalex.org/W4320713130","https://openalex.org/W4328007710","https://openalex.org/W4379382600","https://openalex.org/W4379382644","https://openalex.org/W4385444708","https://openalex.org/W4385819873","https://openalex.org/W4386212326","https://openalex.org/W4386352787","https://openalex.org/W4386590671","https://openalex.org/W4387846277","https://openalex.org/W4392502695","https://openalex.org/W4392939476","https://openalex.org/W4393103351","https://openalex.org/W4399205844","https://openalex.org/W4403277857","https://openalex.org/W4403279374","https://openalex.org/W4408353422","https://openalex.org/W4410226654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W2074254449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"global":[1,52,97,120],"space-air-ground":[2],"integrated":[3],"network":[4],"(SAGIN)":[5],"access":[6,16,53,121,181],"only":[7],"with":[8],"CubeSats":[9,63,157],"presents":[10],"significant":[11],"challenges":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,59,153],"the":[15,28,60,67,84,130,138,154,186],"sustainability":[17,54],"limitations":[18,31],"in":[19,32,116,144,194],"specific":[20],"regions":[21],"(<italic":[22],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[23],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">e.g.,</i>":[24],"polar":[25],"regions)":[26],"and":[27,55,64,88,114,123,158,172],"energy":[29,56,124],"efficiency":[30],"CubeSats.":[33],"To":[34],"tackle":[35],"these":[36,46],"problems,":[37],"high-altitude":[38],"long-endurance":[39],"unmanned":[40],"aerial":[41],"vehicles":[42],"(HALE-UAVs)":[43],"can":[44,81,133],"complement":[45],"CubeSat":[47],"shortcomings":[48],"for":[49,95,110],"providing":[50],"cooperatively":[51],"efficiency.":[57,125],"However,":[58],"number":[61,155],"of":[62,70,86,156,185],"HALE-UAVs,":[65],"increases,":[66],"scheduling":[68,111,145],"dimension":[69],"each":[71,79],"ground":[72],"station":[73],"(GS)":[74],"increases.":[75],"As":[76],"a":[77,103,141],"result,":[78],"GS":[80],"fall":[82],"into":[83],"curse":[85],"dimensionality,":[87],"this":[89,100],"challenge":[90],"becomes":[91],"one":[92,150],"major":[93],"hurdle":[94],"efficient":[96],"access.":[98],"Therefore,":[99],"paper":[101],"provides":[102],"quantum":[104],"multi-agent":[105],"reinforcement":[106],"Learning":[107],"(QMARL)-based":[108],"method":[109],"between":[112],"GSs":[113,163],"CubeSats/HALE-UAVs":[115],"order":[117],"to":[118,178],"improve":[119],"availability":[122],"The":[126,183],"main":[127],"reason":[128],"why":[129],"QMARL-based":[131],"scheduler":[132,188],"be":[134],"beneficial":[135],"is":[136,149,176,189],"that":[137],"algorithm":[139],"facilitates":[140],"logarithmic-scale":[142],"reduction":[143],"action":[146],"dimensions,":[147],"which":[148],"critical":[151],"feature":[152],"HALE-UAVs":[159],"expands.":[160],"Additionally,":[161],"individual":[162],"have":[164],"different":[165],"traffic":[166],"demands":[167],"depending":[168],"on":[169],"their":[170],"locations":[171],"characteristics,":[173],"thus":[174],"it":[175],"essential":[177],"provide":[179],"differentiated":[180],"services.":[182],"superiority":[184],"proposed":[187],"validated":[190],"through":[191],"data-intensive":[192],"experiments":[193],"realistic":[195],"CubeSat/HALE-UAV":[196],"settings.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}