{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412403929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","title":"Localization in 5G and Beyond: A Multi-Objective Approach for Accuracy, Latency, and Resilience","display_name":"Localization in 5G and Beyond: A Multi-Objective Approach for Accuracy, Latency, and Resilience","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412403929","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092207928","display_name":"Luca Petrucci","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luca Petrucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-2838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060814027","display_name":"Samuele Zanini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7655-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuele Zanini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7655-3313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025702435","display_name":"Ivan Palam\u00e0","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7001-7743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Palam\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNIT, Parma, Italy","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7001-7743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNIT, Parma, Italy","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084149953","display_name":"Nicola Bl\u00e9fari-Melazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-5543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Blefari Melazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6245-5543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073709764","display_name":"Stefania Bartoletti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefania Bartoletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-9776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092207928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80749194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"12","first_page":"12771","last_page":"12783"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.6570000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.6570000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7906575798988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6421846747398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6416881680488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41803693771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.4156162440776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3187096118927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.24077215790748596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7906575798988342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6421846747398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6416881680488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41803693771362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.4156162440776825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3187096118927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.24077215790748596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3588712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4287518590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","funder_display_name":"NextGenerationEU"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7970309694","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101078411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","display_name":"NextGenerationEU","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005126631","https://openalex.org/W2012231377","https://openalex.org/W2094280389","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2143381319","https://openalex.org/W2535351973","https://openalex.org/W2538680223","https://openalex.org/W2740027807","https://openalex.org/W2963900797","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3173677034","https://openalex.org/W3209967401","https://openalex.org/W4200015605","https://openalex.org/W4205565670","https://openalex.org/W4225877449","https://openalex.org/W4311926152","https://openalex.org/W4312526381","https://openalex.org/W4313590834","https://openalex.org/W4317796310","https://openalex.org/W4319163169","https://openalex.org/W4319287598","https://openalex.org/W4385485145","https://openalex.org/W4386243247","https://openalex.org/W4387206298","https://openalex.org/W4387448527","https://openalex.org/W4399555803","https://openalex.org/W4399666251","https://openalex.org/W4399939582","https://openalex.org/W4404295229","https://openalex.org/W4406266778"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121443510","https://openalex.org/W2069408381","https://openalex.org/W4400980708","https://openalex.org/W641058583","https://openalex.org/W1968055665","https://openalex.org/W2114457122","https://openalex.org/W2176179953","https://openalex.org/W1994232288","https://openalex.org/W4234564246","https://openalex.org/W1908265647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"integration":[1],"of":[2,143,162],"localization":[3,94,108,152],"capabilities":[4],"within":[5],"the":[6,36,86,93,141],"cellular":[7,17],"architecture":[8],"through":[9,158],"dedicated":[10],"5G":[11,83,165,196],"network":[12,37],"functions":[13],"has":[14],"notably":[15],"enhanced":[16],"positioning":[18],"accuracy":[19],"and":[20,33,39,46,49,57,81,90,110,123,170,178,183,194],"enabled":[21],"new":[22],"location-based":[23,74],"services.":[24,75],"However,":[25],"this":[26],"architectural":[27],"shift":[28],"requires":[29],"placing":[30],"measurement":[31,97],"acquisition":[32,98],"computation":[34],"at":[35],"edge":[38],"core,":[40],"resulting":[41],"in":[42,63,73],"distributed":[43],"computational":[44],"resources":[45],"increased":[47],"latency":[48,56,201],"security":[50,61,126],"risks.":[51],"As":[52],"a":[53,112,135,159],"result,":[54],"minimizing":[55],"ensuring":[58],"resilience":[59,124],"against":[60,125],"threats,":[62],"addition":[64],"to":[65,99,119,148,198],"achieving":[66],"high":[67],"accuracy,":[68,121],"become":[69],"critical":[70],"performance":[71,104],"indicators":[72,105],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"examines":[78],"both":[79,168],"3GPP-standardized":[80],"O-RAN-based":[82],"architectures,":[84],"detailing":[85],"key":[87],"functions,":[88],"interfaces,":[89],"parameters":[91],"influencing":[92],"process,":[95],"from":[96],"position":[100],"estimation.":[101],"We":[102,154],"define":[103],"for":[106],"evaluating":[107],"services":[109],"develop":[111],"system":[113,146,166],"model":[114],"that":[115,139],"quantifies":[116],"costs":[117],"related":[118],"latency,":[120],"computation,":[122],"threats.":[127],"By":[128],"jointly":[129],"considering":[130],"these":[131],"factors,":[132],"we":[133,174,186],"formulate":[134],"multi-objective":[136],"optimization":[137],"problem":[138],"guides":[140],"selection":[142],"an":[144,163],"optimal":[145],"configuration":[147],"simultaneously":[149],"satisfy":[150],"multiple":[151],"requirements.":[153],"validate":[155],"our":[156],"approach":[157],"case":[160],"study":[161],"end-to-end":[164],"using":[167,190],"simulations":[169],"experimental":[171,188],"data.":[172],"Specifically,":[173],"evaluate":[175],"various":[176],"algorithms":[177],"implementations":[179],"across":[180],"standardized":[181],"channels":[182],"scenarios.":[184],"Furthermore,":[185],"conduct":[187],"measurements":[189],"Software-Defined":[191],"Radios":[192],"(SDRs)":[193],"open-source":[195],"platforms":[197],"assess":[199],"operational":[200],"with":[202],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[203],"(COTS)":[204],"devices.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}