{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412081585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3586262","title":"Efficient Multipath Differential Routing and Traffic Scheduling in Ultra-Dense LEO Satellite Networks: A DRL With Stackelberg Game Approach","display_name":"Efficient Multipath Differential Routing and Traffic Scheduling in Ultra-Dense LEO Satellite Networks: A DRL With Stackelberg Game Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412081585","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3586262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3586262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3586262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051357911","display_name":"Shuyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-4137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-4137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755664","display_name":"Qiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-1491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-1491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447486","display_name":"Ran Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5601-0513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5601-0513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Long Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3272-8667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3272-8667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091713195","display_name":"Hongke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-813X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-813X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051357911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96829645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"12424","last_page":"12440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8228431940078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6787025928497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6221851706504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5563901662826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-game","display_name":"Differential game","score":0.44889453053474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.4330521523952484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.3771924674510956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32978326082229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.2413056492805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.14343759417533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.12400895357131958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8228431940078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6787025928497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6221851706504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5563901662826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779006483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1973196","display_name":"Differential game","level":2,"score":0.44889453053474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.4330521523952484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3771924674510956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32978326082229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2413056492805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.14343759417533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.12400895357131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3586262","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3586262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2190173036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3803890004","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522529533","https://openalex.org/W1563871237","https://openalex.org/W2059958288","https://openalex.org/W2076171427","https://openalex.org/W2104046556","https://openalex.org/W2148934980","https://openalex.org/W2168197332","https://openalex.org/W2531123705","https://openalex.org/W2799292918","https://openalex.org/W2948175577","https://openalex.org/W2968925205","https://openalex.org/W2971369668","https://openalex.org/W2982548805","https://openalex.org/W3109810757","https://openalex.org/W3140125865","https://openalex.org/W3157100883","https://openalex.org/W3158839158","https://openalex.org/W3173164653","https://openalex.org/W4210362980","https://openalex.org/W4213060883","https://openalex.org/W4220750292","https://openalex.org/W4223530526","https://openalex.org/W4283171586","https://openalex.org/W4285144022","https://openalex.org/W4285192830","https://openalex.org/W4293732317","https://openalex.org/W4311072681","https://openalex.org/W4312705588","https://openalex.org/W4312866288","https://openalex.org/W4313555721","https://openalex.org/W4313886720","https://openalex.org/W4323022513","https://openalex.org/W4375928839","https://openalex.org/W4376480626","https://openalex.org/W4380142838","https://openalex.org/W4386260517","https://openalex.org/W4386260552","https://openalex.org/W4386536254","https://openalex.org/W4388757450","https://openalex.org/W4392939609","https://openalex.org/W4393184808","https://openalex.org/W4396529588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987562536","https://openalex.org/W4383533535","https://openalex.org/W1988922213","https://openalex.org/W2091923150","https://openalex.org/W2364446825","https://openalex.org/W1564190868","https://openalex.org/W2022702275","https://openalex.org/W3041410939","https://openalex.org/W3122364233","https://openalex.org/W1983902399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"orbit":[2],"satellite":[3],"networks":[4],"(LSNs)":[5],"are":[6],"envisioned":[7],"as":[8],"key":[9],"enablers":[10],"of":[11,45,98,161,183],"6":[12],"G":[13],"by":[14,177,194,202],"offering":[15],"ubiquitous,":[16],"low-latency":[17],"connectivity.":[18],"Their":[19],"mesh":[20],"topology":[21],"enables":[22],"multipath":[23,52,71,81],"differential":[24,82],"routing,":[25],"which":[26],"improves":[27],"bandwidth":[28],"utilization":[29],"and":[30,40,54,60,75,130,170,198],"reduces":[31,199],"transmission":[32,200],"delay.":[33],"However,":[34],"the":[35,41,95,134,149,179,184,188],"growing":[36],"demand":[37],"for":[38,50,80],"data":[39],"dynamic,":[42],"self-organizing":[43],"nature":[44],"LSNs":[46],"pose":[47],"significant":[48],"challenges":[49],"joint":[51],"routing":[53,72],"traffic":[55,76,140],"scheduling":[56,77],"under":[57],"strict":[58],"latency":[59],"energy":[61,131],"constraints.":[62],"To":[63],"address":[64],"these":[65,143],"challenges,":[66],"this":[67,102],"paper":[68],"proposes":[69],"a":[70,85,104,109,119],"optimization":[73],"(MRO)":[74],"method":[78,190],"tailored":[79],"routing.":[83],"Specifically,":[84],"dynamic":[86,96],"multi-attribute":[87],"graph":[88],"model":[89],"is":[90,113],"developed":[91],"to":[92,122,163,196,204],"precisely":[93],"capture":[94],"properties":[97,182],"LSNs.":[99],"Building":[100],"on":[101],"model,":[103,187],"MRO":[105,116],"algorithm,":[106],"integrated":[107],"with":[108],"Stackelberg":[110,135,185],"game":[111,136,186],"framework,":[112],"introduced.":[114],"The":[115],"algorithm":[117],"employs":[118],"decomposition-based":[120],"approach":[121,151],"identify":[123],"multiple":[124],"optimal":[125],"paths":[126],"that":[127,148],"minimize":[128],"delay":[129],"consumption,":[132],"while":[133],"framework":[137],"ensures":[138],"efficient":[139],"distribution":[141],"across":[142,165],"paths.":[144],"Numerical":[145],"results":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"proposed":[150,189],"significantly":[152],"outperforms":[153],"existing":[154],"baseline":[155],"methods,":[156],"achieving":[157],"cumulative":[158],"reward":[159],"improvements":[160],"26.77%":[162],"43.8%":[164],"four":[166],"real-world":[167],"network":[168,192],"topologies":[169],"exhibiting":[171],"better":[172],"Pareto":[173],"front":[174],"coverage.":[175],"Furthermore,":[176],"leveraging":[178],"rapid":[180],"convergence":[181],"enhances":[191],"throughput":[193],"12%":[195],"43%":[197],"time":[201],"14%":[203],"49%.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
