{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411799016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3581534","title":"Hierarchical and Heterogeneous Federated Learning via a Learning-on-Model Paradigm","display_name":"Hierarchical and Heterogeneous Federated Learning via a Learning-on-Model Paradigm","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411799016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3581534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3581534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3581534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049975132","display_name":"Leming Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7661-6432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leming Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7661-6432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023276909","display_name":"Qiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-7892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-7892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033612215","display_name":"Kaiyan Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-7477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiyan Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-7477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091556511","display_name":"Yuanqing Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3096-687X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanqing Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3096-687X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064374603","display_name":"Xiao-Yong Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5706-5177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Yong Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5706-5177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425087","display_name":"Jianwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-8667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-8667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023885705","display_name":"Jinsong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-1955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-1955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9161,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9490429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"12103","last_page":"12120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9398999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8377728462219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3818296492099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.355549156665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3294332027435303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8377728462219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3818296492099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.355549156665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3294332027435303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3581534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3581534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1985602045","https://openalex.org/W2007339694","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2146950091","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2963209930","https://openalex.org/W2979981624","https://openalex.org/W3018102029","https://openalex.org/W3018464563","https://openalex.org/W3035616549","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3161051256","https://openalex.org/W3165698711","https://openalex.org/W3166272535","https://openalex.org/W3183570966","https://openalex.org/W3192953632","https://openalex.org/W3193988822","https://openalex.org/W3200223987","https://openalex.org/W3204118745","https://openalex.org/W3210103168","https://openalex.org/W3211771663","https://openalex.org/W3211781253","https://openalex.org/W3214233127","https://openalex.org/W3214721897","https://openalex.org/W4213116910","https://openalex.org/W4226299589","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4289841367","https://openalex.org/W4306178637","https://openalex.org/W4312231739","https://openalex.org/W4312290782","https://openalex.org/W4312699393","https://openalex.org/W4312839173","https://openalex.org/W4317926941","https://openalex.org/W4319990553","https://openalex.org/W4379986344","https://openalex.org/W4383704293","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385627126","https://openalex.org/W4386737044","https://openalex.org/W4386869694","https://openalex.org/W4387227688","https://openalex.org/W4387544307","https://openalex.org/W4388666079","https://openalex.org/W4392523439","https://openalex.org/W4395069486","https://openalex.org/W4395666038","https://openalex.org/W4399347590","https://openalex.org/W4401567326","https://openalex.org/W4404034606","https://openalex.org/W4404102213","https://openalex.org/W4405013793","https://openalex.org/W4405014153","https://openalex.org/W4408281889","https://openalex.org/W4409784245","https://openalex.org/W4410068130","https://openalex.org/W4410096007","https://openalex.org/W4414760410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"collaboratively":[3],"trains":[4],"a":[5,32,36,71,91,128,149,156],"shared":[6],"global":[7],"model":[8,39,185],"without":[9],"exposing":[10],"clients'":[11],"private":[12],"data.":[13],"In":[14],"practical":[15],"FL":[16,73,180],"systems,":[17],"clients":[18,58,81],"(e.g.,":[19],"smartphones":[20],"and":[21,43,59,137,160,194,199],"wearables)":[22],"typically":[23],"have":[24],"disparate":[25],"system":[26,77],"resources.":[27],"Traditional":[28],"FL,":[29],"however,":[30],"adopts":[31],"one-size-fits-all":[33],"solution,":[34],"where":[35],"homogeneous":[37],"large":[38,125],"is":[40],"sent":[41],"to":[42,120,124,141],"trained":[44],"on":[45,79,145,170,191],"each":[46],"client.":[47],"This":[48],"method":[49],"results":[50],"in":[51,182],"an":[52],"overwhelming":[53],"workload":[54],"for":[55,61,165],"less":[56],"capable":[57],"starvation":[60],"others.":[62],"To":[63,109],"tackle":[64],"this,":[65],"we":[66,113],"propose":[67,114,155],"<italic":[68,87,93,105,115,157,175],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[69,88,94,106,116,158,176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FedConv</i>,":[70],"client-friendly":[72],"framework,":[74],"minimizing":[75],"the":[76,99,146],"overhead":[78,196],"resource-constrained":[80],"by":[82],"providing":[83],"heterogeneous":[84,102,111],"customized":[85],"sub-models.":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FedConv</i>":[89,177],"features":[90],"novel":[92],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">learning-on-model</i>":[95],"paradigm":[96],"that":[97,174],"learns":[98],"parameters":[100],"of":[101,184],"sub-models":[103],"via":[104],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">convolutional":[107],"compression</i>.":[108],"aggregate":[110],"sub-models,":[112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">transposed":[117],"convolutional":[118],"dilation</i>":[119],"convert":[121],"them":[122],"back":[123],"models":[126],"with":[127],"unified":[129],"size":[130],"while":[131],"retaining":[132],"personalized":[133],"information.":[134],"The":[135],"compression":[136],"dilation":[138],"processes,":[139],"transparent":[140],"clients,":[142],"are":[143],"tuned":[144],"server":[147],"using":[148],"small":[150],"public":[151],"dataset.":[152],"We":[153],"further":[154],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">hierarchical":[159],"clustering-based":[161],"local":[162],"training</i>":[163],"strategy":[164],"enhanced":[166],"performance.":[167],"Extensive":[168],"experiments":[169],"six":[171],"datasets":[172],"show":[173],"outperforms":[178],"state-of-the-art":[179],"systems":[181],"terms":[183],"accuracy":[186],"(by":[187],"more":[188],"than":[189],"35%":[190],"average),":[192],"computation":[193],"communication":[195],"(with":[197],"33%":[198],"25%":[200],"reduction,":[201],"respectively).":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-28T08:01:55.173337","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}