{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411336648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3579960","title":"Distributed Modulation Exploiting IRS for Secure Communications","display_name":"Distributed Modulation Exploiting IRS for Secure Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411336648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3579960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3579960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3579960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065050442","display_name":"Zhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-0136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-0136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lijuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3617-0047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3617-0047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113127151","display_name":"Siwei Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8914-6771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8914-6771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053541912","display_name":"Kang G. Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-8777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang G. Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-8777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409698","display_name":"Jia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-050X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Strategic Cyber Resilience Research and Development, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","Center for Strategic Cyber Resilience Research and Development, National Institute of Informatics, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3424-050X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Strategic Cyber Resilience Research and Development, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Strategic Cyber Resilience Research and Development, National Institute of Informatics, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078219471","display_name":"Zheng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-2108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-2108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065050442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1769,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79754302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"11193","last_page":"11208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11797","display_name":"graph theory and CDMA systems","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7899317741394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5262274742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4665603041648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.38285258412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33787697553634644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7899317741394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5262274742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4665603041648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.38285258412361145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33787697553634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3579960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3579960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2574537347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3896720349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072351","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5420252985","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B16037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336698","funder_display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5767906726","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2245223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6398579089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336698","display_name":"Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center)","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1919042217","https://openalex.org/W1957358593","https://openalex.org/W1965428345","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2141538767","https://openalex.org/W2167447263","https://openalex.org/W2350448019","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2803033290","https://openalex.org/W2919359559","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2963369243","https://openalex.org/W2964129085","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3003553362","https://openalex.org/W3038283497","https://openalex.org/W3087782700","https://openalex.org/W3091957253","https://openalex.org/W3110826876","https://openalex.org/W3165320199","https://openalex.org/W4206080021","https://openalex.org/W4210565788","https://openalex.org/W4213413464","https://openalex.org/W4285070884","https://openalex.org/W4324125416","https://openalex.org/W4391986347"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,14,86,144,149,168,198,204,221,230,261,280],"the":[2,24,41,46,100,105,111,114,122,129,140,159,164,170,174,179,185,193,205,223,232,239,266,277,282,289],"broadcast":[3],"nature":[4],"of":[5,23,113,181,195,209,234,241,288],"wireless":[6,182,196],"communications,":[7],"users'":[8],"data":[9,89,172],"transmitted":[10,26],"wirelessly":[11],"is":[12,96,107],"susceptible":[13],"security/privacy":[15],"threats.":[16],"The":[17],"conventional":[18,165],"modulation":[19,155,186],"scheme":[20,71],"\u201cloads\u201d":[21],"all":[22],"user's":[25,47,225],"information":[27],"onto":[28],"a":[29,62,146],"physical":[30,243],"signal.":[31,176],"Then,":[32],"as":[33,35],"long":[34],"an":[36,125,219],"adversary":[37],"overhears":[38],"and":[39,117,131,188,207,254,273],"processes":[40],"signal,":[42],"s/he":[43],"may":[44],"access":[45],"information,":[48],"hence":[49,189],"breaching":[50],"communication":[51],"privacy.":[52],"To":[53],"counter":[54],"this":[55],"threat,":[56],"we":[57,246],"propose":[58],"<bold":[59],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[60,64,75,249,256],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">IRS-DMSC</b>,":[61],"<italic":[63,74,248,255],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Distributed":[65],"Modulation":[66],"based":[67],"Secure":[68],"Communication</i>":[69],"(DMSC)":[70],"by":[72,99,109,238],"exploiting":[73],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Intelligent":[76],"Reflecting":[77],"Surface</i>":[78],"(IRS).":[79],"Under":[80],"IRS-DMSC,":[81],"two":[82,93,242],"sub-signals":[83],"are":[84],"employed":[85],"realize":[87],"legitimate":[88,101,141,160,210,224,267,290],"transmission.":[90,291],"Of":[91],"these":[92],"signals,":[94],"one":[95],"directly":[97],"generated":[98],"transmitter":[102],"(Tx),":[103],"while":[104,284],"other":[106,138],"obtained":[108,151],"modulating":[110],"phase":[112],"direct":[115,130],"signal":[116,133],"then":[118],"reflecting":[119],"it":[120,212],"at":[121,139,265],"IRS":[123],"in":[124,228],"indirect":[126,132],"way.":[127],"Both":[128],"components":[134],"superimpose":[135],"on":[136],"each":[137],"receiver":[142],"(Rx)":[143],"produce":[145],"waveform":[147],"identical":[148],"that":[150,158],"under":[152],"traditional":[153],"centralized":[154],"(CM),":[156],"so":[157],"Rx":[161],"can":[162,190],"employ":[163],"demodulation":[166],"method":[167,270],"recover":[169],"desired":[171],"from":[173],"received":[175],"IRS-DMSC":[177,279],"incorporates":[178],"characteristics":[180],"channels":[183,197],"into":[184],"process,":[187],"fully":[191],"exploit":[192],"randomness":[194],"enhance":[199],"transmission":[200],"secrecy.":[201],"However,":[202],"due":[203],"distribution":[206],"randomization":[208],"transmission,":[211],"becomes":[213],"difficult":[214],"or":[215],"even":[216],"impossible":[217],"for":[218],"eavesdropper":[220,283],"wiretap":[222],"information.":[226],"Furthermore,":[227],"order":[229],"address":[231],"problem":[233],"decoding":[235,263],"error":[236],"incurred":[237],"difference":[240],"channels'":[244],"fading,":[245],"develop":[247],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Relative":[250],"Phase":[251],"Calibration</i>":[252,259],"(RPC)":[253],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Constellation":[257],"Point":[258],"(CPC),":[260],"improve":[262],"correctness":[264],"Rx.":[268],"Our":[269],"design,":[271],"experiment,":[272],"simulation":[274],"have":[275],"shown":[276],"proposed":[278],"cripple":[281],"maintaining":[285],"good":[286],"performance":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T08:49:12.498775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
