{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410342964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3569695","title":"QoE-Oriented Cooperative VR Rendering and Dynamic Resource Leasing in Metaverse","display_name":"QoE-Oriented Cooperative VR Rendering and Dynamic Resource Leasing in Metaverse","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410342964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3569695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3569695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3569695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9711-8270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9711-8270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978564","display_name":"Tom H. Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom H. Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115590528","display_name":"Yuntao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-7076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023858246","display_name":"Yiliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-6347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-6347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066407180","display_name":"Zhou Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-3130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6518-3130","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi&#x0027;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74086074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"10","first_page":"10247","last_page":"10263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.7699999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.7699999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.7301999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14270","display_name":"Simulation and Modeling Applications","score":0.7071999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8208965063095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.6791868209838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6533144116401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5103668570518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4889306128025055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.4887356758117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.2918294072151184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8208965063095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.6791868209838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6533144116401672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5103668570518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4889306128025055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4887356758117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.2918294072151184}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3569695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3569695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1256235580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3378804181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5138271045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6017337297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G606221586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471382","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978421850","https://openalex.org/W2468651315","https://openalex.org/W2940859338","https://openalex.org/W2964325872","https://openalex.org/W3198602495","https://openalex.org/W4221160161","https://openalex.org/W4225808311","https://openalex.org/W4285149407","https://openalex.org/W4285506370","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4312264045","https://openalex.org/W4312511964","https://openalex.org/W4313855610","https://openalex.org/W4318149023","https://openalex.org/W4324125331","https://openalex.org/W4377235537","https://openalex.org/W4379382423","https://openalex.org/W4379659737","https://openalex.org/W4380365050","https://openalex.org/W4381946597","https://openalex.org/W4386275850","https://openalex.org/W4386869820","https://openalex.org/W4387412813","https://openalex.org/W4389544252","https://openalex.org/W4390044310","https://openalex.org/W4390745957","https://openalex.org/W4390871585","https://openalex.org/W4392153542","https://openalex.org/W4392175524","https://openalex.org/W4392908059","https://openalex.org/W4393305293","https://openalex.org/W4400034727","https://openalex.org/W4404914279"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166821106","https://openalex.org/W4312864667","https://openalex.org/W2616814274","https://openalex.org/W4376853950","https://openalex.org/W4366210097","https://openalex.org/W4366734514","https://openalex.org/W4237056396","https://openalex.org/W4388442643","https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rise":[1],"of":[2,11,154],"the":[3,48,116,170,180],"Metaverse":[4,41,44,200],"has":[5],"ushered":[6],"in":[7,23,156,172,189,197],"a":[8,55,63,82,99,133,139,157],"new":[9,100],"era":[10],"social":[12,24],"networking,":[13],"offering":[14],"users":[15,35,53,89,131],"deeply":[16],"engaging":[17],"spaces":[18],"to":[19,46,74,149],"connect":[20],"and":[21,38,69,90,97,111,123,130,137,159,175],"participate":[22],"activities.":[25],"However,":[26],"rendering":[27,68,109,118],"these":[28],"virtual":[29,65],"environments":[30],"is":[31,54],"resource-intensive.":[32],"With":[33],"many":[34],"accessing":[36],"simultaneously":[37],"requiring":[39],"diverse":[40],"services,":[42],"optimizing":[43],"resources":[45,119,153],"deliver":[47],"best":[49],"quality-of-experience":[50],"(QoE)":[51],"for":[52],"significant":[56],"challenge.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59,76],"paper,":[60],"we":[61,79],"propose":[62],"cooperative":[64,83],"reality":[66],"(VR)":[67],"dynamic":[70,145],"resource":[71,146,176],"leasing":[72,126],"mechanism":[73,148],"address":[75],"issue.":[77],"Specifically,":[78],"first":[80],"introduce":[81],"VR":[84],"scene":[85],"pre-rendering":[86],"framework":[87],"between":[88,128],"Planets":[91,129,155],"(i.e.,":[92],"edge":[93],"servers":[94],"hosting":[95],"users),":[96],"establish":[98],"user":[101,173],"QoE":[102,174,190],"metric":[103],"named":[104],"EdgeVRQoE":[105],"which":[106],"considers":[107],"both":[108],"delay":[110],"visual":[112],"quality.":[113],"We":[114],"formulate":[115],"multidimensional":[117],"(e.g.,":[120],"GPU,":[121],"CPU,":[122],"outbound":[124],"bandwidth)":[125],"problem":[127],"as":[132],"double-layer":[134],"decision":[135],"problem,":[136],"devise":[138],"hybrid":[140],"action":[141],"multi-agent":[142],"reinforcement":[143],"learning-based":[144],"auction":[147],"efficiently":[150],"allocate":[151],"limited":[152],"distributed":[158],"adaptive":[160],"manner.":[161],"Extensive":[162],"simulations":[163],"demonstrate":[164],"that":[165],"our":[166],"proposed":[167,181],"scheme":[168,182],"outperforms":[169],"representatives":[171],"utilization":[177],"efficiency.":[178],"Particularly,":[179],"shows":[183],"at":[184],"least":[185],"an":[186],"18-fold":[187],"improvement":[188],"over":[191],"other":[192],"schemes,":[193],"demonstrating":[194],"its":[195],"capability":[196],"providing":[198],"immersive":[199],"experiences.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
