{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408399456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3551272","title":"HeadSonic: Usable Bone Conduction Earphone Authentication via Head-Conducted Sounds","display_name":"HeadSonic: Usable Bone Conduction Earphone Authentication via Head-Conducted Sounds","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408399456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3551272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3551272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3551272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102508047","display_name":"Zhixiang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7553-8699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394917","display_name":"Jing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7212-5297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004999865","display_name":"Kun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-419X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072905199","display_name":"Yangyang Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3733-945X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangyang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022261362","display_name":"Qiong Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-7740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiyi Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082748711","display_name":"Zijian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6313-4407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100529319","display_name":"Ruiying Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3634-3385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiying Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109000171","display_name":"Qingchuan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-4945"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingchuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101623391","display_name":"Cong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0930-0283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102508047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94166773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"9","first_page":"7914","last_page":"7928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9197999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9197999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.8336827754974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7444040179252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5836710929870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5688874125480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-conduction","display_name":"Bone conduction","score":0.5130192637443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3394516110420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.25200217962265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08635878562927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.07612559199333191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.8336827754974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7444040179252625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5836710929870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5688874125480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97785308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490249","display_name":"Bone conduction","level":2,"score":0.5130192637443542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3394516110420227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.25200217962265015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08635878562927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.07612559199333191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3551272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3551272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2248850241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G782110378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172303","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113134811","https://openalex.org/W1551955830","https://openalex.org/W1573528873","https://openalex.org/W2101807845","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2131904035","https://openalex.org/W2139399084","https://openalex.org/W2183659962","https://openalex.org/W2214790450","https://openalex.org/W2279100732","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2395105390","https://openalex.org/W2791862028","https://openalex.org/W2889016544","https://openalex.org/W2947243436","https://openalex.org/W2964844492","https://openalex.org/W2972759272","https://openalex.org/W2979514732","https://openalex.org/W2983060509","https://openalex.org/W3021574417","https://openalex.org/W3089228032","https://openalex.org/W3129328687","https://openalex.org/W3149259391","https://openalex.org/W3151244818","https://openalex.org/W3175117715","https://openalex.org/W3198130403","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4283211061","https://openalex.org/W4283219085","https://openalex.org/W4284884132","https://openalex.org/W4284889257","https://openalex.org/W4284899402","https://openalex.org/W4288057735","https://openalex.org/W4288057741","https://openalex.org/W4308643316","https://openalex.org/W4319837303","https://openalex.org/W4320023261","https://openalex.org/W4324007193","https://openalex.org/W4385080352","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386260529","https://openalex.org/W4386260642","https://openalex.org/W4392503782","https://openalex.org/W4392505462","https://openalex.org/W4396832168","https://openalex.org/W4406905797","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6639480849","https://openalex.org/W6776979042","https://openalex.org/W6782061724"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2982321410","https://openalex.org/W2392004567","https://openalex.org/W2940029036","https://openalex.org/W4388292429","https://openalex.org/W2756595502","https://openalex.org/W2046296964","https://openalex.org/W2010789764","https://openalex.org/W2187233292","https://openalex.org/W3197290876","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Earables":[0],"(ear":[1],"wearables)":[2],"are":[3,30,38,153],"rapidly":[4],"emerging":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,11,58,84,132],"new":[8],"platform":[9],"encompassing":[10],"diverse":[12],"of":[13,19,136],"personal":[14],"applications,":[15],"prompting":[16],"the":[17,65,74,77,81,89,96,102],"development":[18],"authentication":[20,28,61,90],"schemes":[21],"to":[22,87],"protect":[23],"user":[24,75],"privacy.":[25],"Existing":[26],"earable":[27],"methods":[29],"all":[31],"specifically":[32],"designed":[33],"for":[34,41],"air-conduction":[35],"earphones,":[36],"which":[37,69,105],"not":[39],"suited":[40],"bone":[42,49],"conduction":[43,50],"earphones":[44],"(BCEs)":[45],"that":[46,129],"rely":[47],"on":[48,64],"mechanisms.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"HeadSonic,":[57],"usable":[59],"BCE":[60,78,97],"system":[62,82],"based":[63],"unique":[66,107],"head-conducted":[67],"sounds,":[68],"can":[70],"be":[71],"acquired":[72],"when":[73],"wears":[76],"device.":[79],"Specifically,":[80],"emits":[83],"millisecond-level":[85],"sound":[86],"initiate":[88],"session.":[91],"The":[92],"signal":[93],"captured":[94],"by":[95],"microphone":[98],"is":[99,106],"propagated":[100],"through":[101],"user's":[103],"head,":[104],"in":[108],"density,":[109],"geometry,":[110],"and":[111,141,145,150],"bone-tissue":[112],"ratio.":[113],"It":[114],"operates":[115],"implicitly,":[116],"while":[117],"maintaining":[118],"robustness":[119],"across":[120],"different":[121],"behaviors.":[122],"Extensive":[123],"experiments":[124],"involving":[125],"60":[126],"subjects":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"HeadSonic":[130],"achieves":[131],"commendable":[133],"balanced":[134],"accuracy":[135],"96.59%,":[137],"proving":[138],"its":[139],"efficacy":[140],"resilience":[142],"against":[143],"replay":[144],"synthesis":[146],"attacks.":[147],"Our":[148],"dataset":[149],"source":[151],"codes":[152],"available":[154],"at":[155],"<uri":[156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://anonymous.4open.science/r/HeadSonic-1CE4</uri>.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}