{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407354615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3541102","title":"PicaCAN: Reverse Engineering Physical Semantics of Signals in CAN Messages Using Physically-Induced Causalities","display_name":"PicaCAN: Reverse Engineering Physical Semantics of Signals in CAN Messages Using Physically-Induced Causalities","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407354615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3541102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3541102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3541102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114199625","display_name":"Yucheng Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yucheng Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5587-3752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076460898","display_name":"Chengcheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengcheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6816-6459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017990705","display_name":"Zeyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["iTrust, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"iTrust, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016472874","display_name":"Yuanchao Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-7095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanchao Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-7095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051951845","display_name":"Peng Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-2162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-2162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726041","display_name":"Jiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3155-3145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3155-3145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114199625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1546,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81686375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"5871","last_page":"5887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9682999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8341100215911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.7272793054580688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.5339561700820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3990708887577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.35827720165252686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8341100215911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7272793054580688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.5339561700820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3990708887577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35827720165252686}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3541102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3541102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2046457762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LR25F030002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2224863863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62303411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4513079086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6432497039","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293515","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7075489431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555366451","https://openalex.org/W1968105121","https://openalex.org/W2002665433","https://openalex.org/W2017000512","https://openalex.org/W2024472792","https://openalex.org/W2024629858","https://openalex.org/W2071044018","https://openalex.org/W2086092403","https://openalex.org/W2116031726","https://openalex.org/W2116520617","https://openalex.org/W2126359798","https://openalex.org/W2150380976","https://openalex.org/W2338743665","https://openalex.org/W2343970360","https://openalex.org/W2494949127","https://openalex.org/W2560318754","https://openalex.org/W2585684576","https://openalex.org/W2592742990","https://openalex.org/W2766603759","https://openalex.org/W2884025810","https://openalex.org/W2891789701","https://openalex.org/W2899125647","https://openalex.org/W2903143265","https://openalex.org/W2908623803","https://openalex.org/W2979997028","https://openalex.org/W2984712157","https://openalex.org/W2998021597","https://openalex.org/W3009667550","https://openalex.org/W3086224195","https://openalex.org/W3087531718","https://openalex.org/W3093770229","https://openalex.org/W3127167990","https://openalex.org/W3152534294","https://openalex.org/W3162665729","https://openalex.org/W3206926763","https://openalex.org/W3210300405","https://openalex.org/W4214698730","https://openalex.org/W4214906331","https://openalex.org/W4362654523","https://openalex.org/W4385656664","https://openalex.org/W4402263746","https://openalex.org/W4402352520","https://openalex.org/W6674562543","https://openalex.org/W6675361099","https://openalex.org/W6987051378","https://openalex.org/W7053107978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2363831530","https://openalex.org/W2363845219","https://openalex.org/W2381057835","https://openalex.org/W1789649838","https://openalex.org/W1780668307","https://openalex.org/W1984362519","https://openalex.org/W2051831113"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,23,40,62,87,94,104,145,152,157],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,176],"Connected":[5],"and":[6,46,72,81,107,131,210],"Autonomous":[7],"Vehicles,":[8],"In-Vehicle":[9],"Network":[10,44],"attacks":[11,31],"have":[12],"garnered":[13],"heightened":[14],"research":[15],"scrutiny":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,22,33,68,76,86,125,144],"vehicles\u2019":[19,50],"increasing":[20],"connectivities":[21],"external":[24],"environment.":[25],"The":[26,183],"common":[27],"characteristic":[28],"among":[29],"these":[30],"is":[32,66,90],"tamper":[34],"with":[35,103],"targeted":[36,105,198],"powertrain-related":[37,53,165],"signals":[38,54,127,166,195],"in":[39],"Powertrain":[41],"Controller":[42],"Area":[43],"(PT-CAN)":[45],"further":[47],"physically":[48,139],"threaten":[49],"safety.":[51],"These":[52],"are":[55,111],"encoded":[56],"within":[57],"CAN":[58,129,146],"messages":[59,130],"grounded":[60],"by":[61],"syntax":[63],"specification,":[64],"which":[65],"proprietary":[67],"Original":[69],"Equipment":[70],"Manufacturers":[71],"publicly":[73],"unavailable.":[74],"Thus,":[75],"undertake":[77],"comprehensive":[78],"security":[79],"analysis":[80],"strategies,":[82],"reverse":[83,132],"engineering":[84],"PT-CAN":[85,175],"semantic":[88],"level":[89],"urgently":[91],"needed.":[92],"However,":[93],"existing":[95],"methods":[96],"rely":[97],"on":[98,138,156,174],"interactions":[99],"(injecting":[100],"challenge":[101],"signals/actions)":[102],"vehicle,":[106],"certain":[108],"manual":[109],"efforts":[110],"required.":[112],"To":[113],"fill":[114],"this":[115],"gap,":[116],"we":[117],"propose":[118],"<monospace":[119,148,171,188],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120,149,172,189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">PicaCAN</monospace>,":[121],"a":[122],"novel":[123],"framework":[124],"extract":[126,193],"from":[128,204],"engineer":[133],"their":[134],"physical":[135,194],"semantics":[136,199],"based":[137],"induced":[140],"causality.":[141],"Once":[142],"access":[143],"traffic,":[147],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">PicaCAN</monospace>":[150,173,190],"offers":[151],"researcher":[153],"an":[154],"eye":[155],"vehicle\u2019s":[158],"powertrain":[159],"system,":[160],"decoding":[161],"binaries":[162],"flows":[163],"into":[164],"automatically.":[167],"We":[168],"experimentally":[169],"evaluate":[170],"three":[177],"automobiles":[178],"containing":[179],"two":[180,205],"power":[181],"types.":[182],"experimental":[184],"results":[185],"show":[186],"that":[187],"could":[191],"successfully":[192],"representing":[196],"all":[197],"(pedals,":[200],"engine":[201],"speed,":[202],"etc.)":[203],"Internal":[206],"Combustion":[207],"Engine":[208],"Vehicles":[209],"one":[211],"Hybrid":[212],"Electric":[213],"Vehicle":[214],"under":[215],"EV":[216],"mode.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}