{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404688156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3505268","title":"Wireless Eavesdropping on Wired Audio With Radio-Frequency Retroreflector Attack","display_name":"Wireless Eavesdropping on Wired Audio With Radio-Frequency Retroreflector Attack","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404688156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3505268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3505268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3505268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Genglin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4686-744X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genglin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4686-744X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103070833","display_name":"Zheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4144-6204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074785639","display_name":"Yanni Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-0614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanni Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-0614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001581332","display_name":"Zhenlin An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-773X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenlin An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","Princeton University, Princeton, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4120-773X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, Princeton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618995","display_name":"Guoming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8003-0669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8003-0669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100703619","display_name":"Pengfei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-886X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengfei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-886X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100692488","display_name":"Xiuzhen Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-4647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuzhen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-4647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740023","display_name":"Jiannong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-2529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiannong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-2529","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70309124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"4","first_page":"3178","last_page":"3195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9510999917984009,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9320999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.9464168548583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7619298696517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retroreflector","display_name":"Retroreflector","score":0.734468400478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6391969323158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5465826392173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3752458095550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.36867624521255493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.9464168548583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7619298696517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135339813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835","display_name":"Retroreflector","level":3,"score":0.734468400478363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6391969323158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5465826392173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3752458095550537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.36867624521255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3505268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3505268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G301550865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3371395175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2022ZD02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4959332381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7011685003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7063123922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023QF113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8254097200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023TSGC0105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8888926481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8942805157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1977985044","https://openalex.org/W2023481565","https://openalex.org/W2033755846","https://openalex.org/W2046128267","https://openalex.org/W2067258442","https://openalex.org/W2103869314","https://openalex.org/W2113546778","https://openalex.org/W2120847449","https://openalex.org/W2133659287","https://openalex.org/W2140151374","https://openalex.org/W2159749833","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2473947754","https://openalex.org/W2923400712","https://openalex.org/W2953297989","https://openalex.org/W3007498683","https://openalex.org/W3015338123","https://openalex.org/W3015891936","https://openalex.org/W3016080232","https://openalex.org/W3095235459","https://openalex.org/W3109500059","https://openalex.org/W3174249117","https://openalex.org/W3174285493","https://openalex.org/W3198526264","https://openalex.org/W4200264829","https://openalex.org/W4220918305","https://openalex.org/W4231710844","https://openalex.org/W4282960242","https://openalex.org/W4283211061","https://openalex.org/W4283219755","https://openalex.org/W4283391228","https://openalex.org/W4288057735","https://openalex.org/W4288057789","https://openalex.org/W4306179797","https://openalex.org/W4361771392","https://openalex.org/W4377047029","https://openalex.org/W4386242195","https://openalex.org/W6605111137","https://openalex.org/W6685038319","https://openalex.org/W6750469568","https://openalex.org/W6753933634","https://openalex.org/W6917585676","https://openalex.org/W7039945600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082559548","https://openalex.org/W2121274459","https://openalex.org/W2912451611","https://openalex.org/W2010044691","https://openalex.org/W128036922","https://openalex.org/W2338585774","https://openalex.org/W1988431667","https://openalex.org/W572627535","https://openalex.org/W4232327965","https://openalex.org/W2368710903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2],"demonstrated":[3],"the":[4,76,89,92,97,123,134,142,173,184,188],"feasibility":[5],"of":[6,58,91,99],"eavesdropping":[7,54],"on":[8,141],"audio":[9,33,61,93,100,124,148,186],"via":[10],"radio":[11],"frequency":[12],"signals":[13,62],"or":[14],"videos,":[15],"which":[16,156],"capture":[17],"physical":[18],"surface":[19],"vibrations":[20],"from":[21],"surrounding":[22],"objects.":[23],"However,":[24,133],"these":[25],"methods":[26],"are":[27],"inadequate":[28],"for":[29],"intercepting":[30],"internally":[31],"transmitted":[32,63],"through":[34,64],"wired":[35],"media.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,48],"work,":[39],"we":[40,102,151],"introduce":[41],"radio-frequency":[42],"retroreflector":[43,106],"attack":[44],"(RFRA)":[45],"and":[46,187],"bridge":[47],"gap":[49],"by":[50,117],"proposing":[51],"an":[52,153,166,191],"RFRA-based":[53],"system,RF-Parrot${}^{\\mathbf":[55],"{2}}$,":[56],"capable":[57],"wirelessly":[59],"capturing":[60],"earphone":[65],"wires.":[66],"Our":[67,176],"system":[68],"entails":[69],"embedding":[70],"a":[71,80,104,108,137,158,180],"tiny":[72],"field-effect":[73],"transistor":[74],"within":[75],"wire":[77],"to":[78,171],"establish":[79],"battery-free":[81],"retroreflector,":[82],"whose":[83],"reflective":[84],"efficiency":[85],"is":[86],"correlated":[87],"with":[88,165],"amplitude":[90],"signal.":[94],"To":[95],"preserve":[96],"details":[98],"signals,":[101,125],"designed":[103],"unique":[105],"using":[107],"depletion-mode":[109],"MOSFET":[110,113],"(D-MOSFET).":[111],"This":[112],"can":[114],"be":[115],"triggered":[116],"any":[118],"voltage":[119],"level":[120],"present":[121],"in":[122,146,163,195],"thus":[126],"guaranteeing":[127],"no":[128],"information":[129],"loss":[130],"during":[131],"activation.":[132],"D-MOSFET":[135],"introduces":[136],"nonlinear":[138],"convolution":[139],"operation":[140],"original":[143,174],"audio,":[144],"resulting":[145],"distorted":[147],"eavesdropping.":[149],"Thus,":[150],"devised":[152],"engineering":[154],"solution":[155],"utilized":[157],"novel":[159],"convolutional":[160],"neural":[161],"network":[162],"conjunction":[164],"efficient":[167],"Parallel":[168],"WaveGAN":[169],"vocoder":[170],"reconstruct":[172],"audio.":[175],"comprehensive":[177],"experiments":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"strong":[181],"similarity":[182],"between":[183],"reconstructed":[185],"original,":[189],"achieving":[190],"impressive":[192],"95%":[193],"accuracy":[194],"speech":[196],"command":[197],"recognition.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}