{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404132861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3494612","title":"EPUF: An Entropy-Derived Latency-Based DRAM Physical Unclonable Function for Lightweight Authentication in Internet of Things","display_name":"EPUF: An Entropy-Derived Latency-Based DRAM Physical Unclonable Function for Lightweight Authentication in Internet of Things","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404132861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3494612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3494612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3494612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/e326eeb2-ec9c-44a5-9adb-f55e0120c426","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fatemeh Najafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8337-8753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Najafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8337-8753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050443046","display_name":"Masoud Kaveh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-8054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Kaveh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-8054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051565697","display_name":"M. R. Mosavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-644X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67009956","display_name":"Iran University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jw2p796","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Reza Mosavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2389-644X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070886054","display_name":"Alessandro Brighente","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-2995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Brighente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and HIT Reasearch Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-2995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and HIT Reasearch Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847107","display_name":"Mauro Conti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauro Conti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and HIT Reasearch Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and HIT Reasearch Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67009956"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7862,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98011681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"2422","last_page":"2436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.8567521572113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.8010762929916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7212727665901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5005917549133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.48895061016082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4731232523918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.45115649700164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.42295822501182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.41737979650497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4123711585998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3981710374355316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.382341206073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2931690812110901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.22080466151237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15416696667671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13972240686416626}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.8567521572113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.8010762929916382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7212727665901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5005917549133301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.48895061016082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4731232523918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.45115649700164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.42295822501182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.41737979650497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4123711585998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3981710374355316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.382341206073761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2931690812110901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.22080466151237488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15416696667671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13972240686416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3494612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3494612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/133021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/e326eeb2-ec9c-44a5-9adb-f55e0120c426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/133021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/e326eeb2-ec9c-44a5-9adb-f55e0120c426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42037993","https://openalex.org/W2015619456","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2146813141","https://openalex.org/W2153281696","https://openalex.org/W2204128698","https://openalex.org/W2230451675","https://openalex.org/W2500740922","https://openalex.org/W2525711947","https://openalex.org/W2530364902","https://openalex.org/W2570768014","https://openalex.org/W2613748018","https://openalex.org/W2626075395","https://openalex.org/W2753654597","https://openalex.org/W2757228622","https://openalex.org/W2766472919","https://openalex.org/W2794842046","https://openalex.org/W2796159762","https://openalex.org/W2801237935","https://openalex.org/W2805592916","https://openalex.org/W2808182497","https://openalex.org/W2899983232","https://openalex.org/W2900500071","https://openalex.org/W2907238211","https://openalex.org/W2920458077","https://openalex.org/W2951971174","https://openalex.org/W2963154589","https://openalex.org/W3011575542","https://openalex.org/W3053720154","https://openalex.org/W3090606066","https://openalex.org/W3092333758","https://openalex.org/W3094254490","https://openalex.org/W3137103045","https://openalex.org/W3163508094","https://openalex.org/W4214710720","https://openalex.org/W4293026117","https://openalex.org/W6769948572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391182404","https://openalex.org/W2739596575","https://openalex.org/W2910284721","https://openalex.org/W2166668397","https://openalex.org/W3021721596","https://openalex.org/W3091567181","https://openalex.org/W2116285675","https://openalex.org/W1541601914","https://openalex.org/W1533309011","https://openalex.org/W3048245612"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"Unclonable":[1],"Functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"are":[4],"hardware-based":[5],"mechanisms":[6],"that":[7,126,174],"exploit":[8],"inherent":[9],"manufacturing":[10],"variations":[11],"to":[12,75,87,96,113],"generate":[13,97],"unique":[14,91],"identifiers":[15],"for":[16,29,39,47,160],"devices.":[17],"Dynamic":[18],"Random":[19],"Access":[20],"Memory":[21],"(DRAM)":[22],"has":[23],"emerged":[24],"as":[25,53],"a":[26,33,84,146,157,170],"promising":[27],"medium":[28],"implementing":[30],"PUFs,":[31],"providing":[32],"cost-effective":[34],"solution":[35],"without":[36],"the":[37,115],"need":[38],"additional":[40],"circuitry.":[41],"This":[42],"makes":[43],"DRAM":[44,61,94,107,161],"PUFs":[45],"ideal":[46],"use":[48],"in":[49,187],"resource-constrained":[50],"environments":[51],"such":[52],"Internet":[54],"of":[55,105,117,149,189],"Things":[56],"(IoT)":[57],"networks.":[58],"However,":[59],"current":[60],"PUF":[62,99],"implementations":[63],"often":[64],"either":[65],"disrupt":[66],"host":[67],"system":[68],"functions":[69],"or":[70],"produce":[71],"unreliable":[72],"responses":[73],"due":[74],"environmental":[76],"sensitivity.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,124,167],"present":[82],"EPUF,":[83,166],"novel":[85],"approach":[86],"extracting":[88],"random":[89],"and":[90,109,144,192],"features":[92,112,140,180],"from":[93],"cells":[95],"reliable":[98],"responses.":[100],"We":[101],"leverage":[102],"bitmap":[103],"images":[104],"binary":[106],"values":[108],"their":[110],"entropy":[111],"enhance":[114],"robustness":[116],"our":[118],"PUF.":[119],"Through":[120],"extensive":[121],"real-world":[122],"experiments,":[123],"demonstrate":[125],"EPUF":[127,156],"is":[128],"approximately":[129],"1.7":[130],"times":[131],"faster":[132],"than":[133],"existing":[134],"solutions,":[135],"achieves":[136],"100%":[137],"reliability,":[138],"produces":[139],"with":[141],"47.79%":[142],"uniqueness,":[143],"supports":[145],"substantial":[147],"set":[148],"Challenge-Response":[150],"Pairs":[151],"(CRPs).":[152],"These":[153],"capabilities":[154],"make":[155],"powerful":[158],"tool":[159],"PUF-based":[162],"authentication.":[163],"Based":[164],"on":[165],"then":[168],"propose":[169],"lightweight":[171],"authentication":[172,185],"protocol":[173],"not":[175],"only":[176],"offers":[177],"superior":[178],"security":[179],"but":[181],"also":[182],"surpasses":[183],"state-of-the-art":[184],"schemes":[186],"terms":[188],"communication":[190],"overhead":[191],"computational":[193],"efficiency.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
