{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402892234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3468618","title":"Adaptive Blind Beamforming for Intelligent Surface","display_name":"Adaptive Blind Beamforming for Intelligent Surface","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402892234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3468618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3468618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3468618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076437321","display_name":"Wenhai Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2744-0573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhai Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2744-0573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338153","display_name":"Wenyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0257-5890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101627499","display_name":"Fan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-5519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0172-5519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353701","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6003-7719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","Huawei Technologies, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111065177","display_name":"Shaobo Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaobo Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","Huawei Technologies, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022905256","display_name":"Kaiming Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiming Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-7975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3168,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97229506,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"907","last_page":"923"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9301000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9301000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7576742172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6592772603034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-beamformer","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","score":0.5343152284622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-surface-vehicle","display_name":"Unmanned surface vehicle","score":0.49663716554641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blind-signal-separation","display_name":"Blind signal separation","score":0.4362638592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3494700789451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3307010531425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.324135959148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09547856450080872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.08926790952682495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7576742172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6592772603034973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33378366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680719","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","level":3,"score":0.5343152284622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987248590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4419860","display_name":"Unmanned surface vehicle","level":2,"score":0.49663716554641724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120317606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105967","display_name":"Blind signal separation","level":3,"score":0.4362638592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3494700789451599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3307010531425476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.324135959148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09547856450080872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.08926790952682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3468618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3468618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5041088774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92167202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2763989852","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2788428941","https://openalex.org/W2797556357","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971912794","https://openalex.org/W3005072086","https://openalex.org/W3020513938","https://openalex.org/W3034281970","https://openalex.org/W3034980365","https://openalex.org/W3036622236","https://openalex.org/W3037953325","https://openalex.org/W3038533179","https://openalex.org/W3081766336","https://openalex.org/W3081937408","https://openalex.org/W3093728622","https://openalex.org/W3094327823","https://openalex.org/W3095415448","https://openalex.org/W3096513223","https://openalex.org/W3097485127","https://openalex.org/W3108462255","https://openalex.org/W3113871758","https://openalex.org/W3121978485","https://openalex.org/W3132180877","https://openalex.org/W3135729854","https://openalex.org/W3137453233","https://openalex.org/W3138384399","https://openalex.org/W3150480006","https://openalex.org/W3160036209","https://openalex.org/W3168169223","https://openalex.org/W3184619931","https://openalex.org/W3193247573","https://openalex.org/W3198695922","https://openalex.org/W3203630573","https://openalex.org/W3204162029","https://openalex.org/W3206067242","https://openalex.org/W3212260081","https://openalex.org/W3216609622","https://openalex.org/W4200632050","https://openalex.org/W4200632697","https://openalex.org/W4229452920","https://openalex.org/W4280571452","https://openalex.org/W4281754613","https://openalex.org/W4283029880","https://openalex.org/W4288057789","https://openalex.org/W4296604328","https://openalex.org/W4309400248","https://openalex.org/W4312233540","https://openalex.org/W4312823246","https://openalex.org/W4313001863","https://openalex.org/W4313482669","https://openalex.org/W4321490517","https://openalex.org/W4366957370","https://openalex.org/W4367016615","https://openalex.org/W4377000476","https://openalex.org/W4377079822","https://openalex.org/W4385975609","https://openalex.org/W4388901678","https://openalex.org/W4399518847","https://openalex.org/W4401069585","https://openalex.org/W4401203332","https://openalex.org/W6760380235","https://openalex.org/W6774773516","https://openalex.org/W6846418926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2009075871","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2105408150","https://openalex.org/W1976800395","https://openalex.org/W2606661315","https://openalex.org/W2548445082","https://openalex.org/W636053046","https://openalex.org/W2072054645","https://openalex.org/W2167062574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Configuring":[0],"intelligent":[1],"surface":[2],"(IS)":[3],"or":[4],"passive":[5],"antenna":[6],"array":[7],"without":[8,138],"any":[9],"channel":[10,76,139],"knowledge,":[11],"namely":[12],"blind":[13,32,60,90,186],"beamforming,":[14],"is":[15,107],"a":[16,55,84,112,145],"frontier":[17],"research":[18],"topic":[19],"in":[20,27,72,148,152,164,189],"the":[21,28,35,38,40,63,66,73,93,98,120,124,128,136,153,162,165,168,174,177,181,184,190],"wireless":[22,125],"communication":[23],"field.":[24],"Existing":[25],"methods":[26],"previous":[29],"literature":[30],"for":[31],"beamforming":[33,61,187],"include":[34],"RFocus":[36,64,175],"and":[37,65,176],"CSM,":[39],"effectiveness":[41],"of":[42,97,114,123,135,183],"which":[43],"has":[44],"been":[45],"demonstrated":[46],"on":[47],"hardware":[48],"prototypes.":[49],"However,":[50],"this":[51,80],"paper":[52],"points":[53],"out":[54],"subtle":[56],"issue":[57],"with":[58],"these":[59],"algorithms:":[62],"CSM":[67],"may":[68],"fail":[69],"to":[70,110,173],"work":[71],"non-line-of-sight":[74],"(NLoS)":[75],"case.":[77,155],"To":[78],"address":[79],"issue,":[81],"we":[82,159],"suggest":[83],"grouping":[85,143],"strategy":[86],"that":[87],"enables":[88],"adaptive":[89],"beamforming.":[91],"Specifically,":[92],"reflective":[94],"elements":[95],"(REs)":[96],"IS":[99,137],"are":[100],"divided":[101],"into":[102],"three":[103],"groups;":[104],"each":[105],"group":[106],"configured":[108],"randomly":[109],"obtain":[111],"dataset":[113],"random":[115,129],"samples.":[116],"We":[117,179],"then":[118],"extract":[119],"statistical":[121],"feature":[122],"environment":[126],"from":[127,197],"samples,":[130],"thereby":[131],"coordinating":[132],"phase":[133],"shifts":[134],"acquisition.":[140],"The":[141],"RE":[142],"plays":[144],"critical":[146],"role":[147],"guaranteeing":[149],"performance":[150],"gain":[151],"NLoS":[154],"In":[156],"particular,":[157],"if":[158],"place":[160],"all":[161],"REs":[163],"same":[166],"group,":[167],"proposed":[169,185],"algorithm":[170,188],"would":[171],"reduce":[172],"CSM.":[178],"validate":[180],"advantage":[182],"real-world":[191],"networks":[192],"at":[193],"3.5":[194],"GHz":[195],"aside":[196],"simulations.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-22T23:10:17.713674","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
