{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402300333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3455417","title":"Blockchain-Aided Digital Twin Offloading Mechanism in Space-Air-Ground Networks","display_name":"Blockchain-Aided Digital Twin Offloading Mechanism in Space-Air-Ground Networks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402300333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3455417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3455417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3455417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078701496","display_name":"Yongkang Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-1327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongkang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, SDU, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-1327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, SDU, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100666106","display_name":"Haipeng Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-7363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-7363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005327587","display_name":"Zehui Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehui Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4440-941X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pillar of Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"C. L. Philip Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-7230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. L. Philip Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-7230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8297,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98719284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"183","last_page":"197"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.930899977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.930899977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7845362424850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5778362154960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4412565529346466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.41777291893959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32715126872062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1411462128162384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7845362424850464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5778362154960632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4412565529346466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.41777291893959045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32715126872062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1411462128162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3455417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3455417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/218010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/218010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G141394660","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402292","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1790169944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2395898956","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22-SIS-SMU-048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2654959225","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62325203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3772684810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SDBX202302010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336925","funder_display_name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6117017817","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCP-ASTAR-TG-2022-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","funder_display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6135418205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCP-NTU-RG-2022-010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","funder_display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6135424303","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Tier 1 (RG87/22)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6214448332","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QDBSH20240102027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318576","funder_display_name":"Qingdao Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318576","display_name":"Qingdao Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336925","display_name":"Shandong Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137152139","https://openalex.org/W2168097082","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2785458774","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2924948991","https://openalex.org/W2946763103","https://openalex.org/W2950920210","https://openalex.org/W2962804345","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2964224358","https://openalex.org/W2972503844","https://openalex.org/W2979680647","https://openalex.org/W3005971024","https://openalex.org/W3006140890","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3041727190","https://openalex.org/W3058760796","https://openalex.org/W3090573937","https://openalex.org/W3097840507","https://openalex.org/W3117267439","https://openalex.org/W3126187582","https://openalex.org/W3168768468","https://openalex.org/W3171432214","https://openalex.org/W3180811329","https://openalex.org/W3194617420","https://openalex.org/W3195696782","https://openalex.org/W3196576077","https://openalex.org/W3198123857","https://openalex.org/W3199704874","https://openalex.org/W3199940498","https://openalex.org/W3203778842","https://openalex.org/W3205260830","https://openalex.org/W4205397442","https://openalex.org/W4205838686","https://openalex.org/W4206135771","https://openalex.org/W4206600936","https://openalex.org/W4224059887","https://openalex.org/W4226133071","https://openalex.org/W4285303806","https://openalex.org/W4385627407","https://openalex.org/W4391019797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382997850","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Space-air-ground":[0],"(SAG)":[1],"integrated":[2,118],"heterogenous":[3],"networks":[4,20],"can":[5,17,40,76,188],"provide":[6],"pervasive":[7],"intelligence":[8,81],"services":[9],"for":[10],"various":[11],"ground":[12,99],"users":[13],"(GUs).":[14],"The":[15,59],"network":[16,22,34],"help":[18],"cellular":[19],"release":[21],"resources":[23],"and":[24,45,63,72,92,130,138,168,176,197,232],"alleviate":[25],"congestion":[26],"pressure.":[27],"Moreover,":[28,141],"one":[29],"important":[30],"application":[31],"of":[32,61,95,104,162,166,205,226],"the":[33,67,84,93,107,123,127,133,156,160,164,173,184,190,199,203,214],"is":[35,219],"that":[36,183,213],"digital":[37,53],"twin":[38],"(DT)":[39],"enable":[41],"nearly-instant":[42],"wireless":[43],"connectivity":[44],"highly-reliable":[46],"data":[47,70,125,191],"mapping":[48],"from":[49],"physical":[50,73],"systems":[51],"to":[52,121,126,154,171,221],"world":[54],"in":[55,106,224],"a":[56,116,144],"real-time":[57],"fashion.":[58],"integration":[60],"SAG":[62],"DT":[64],"(SAG-DT)":[65],"reduces":[66],"gap":[68],"between":[69],"analysis":[71],"status,":[74],"which":[75],"further":[77],"realize":[78],"robust":[79],"edge":[80],"services.":[82],"However,":[83],"random":[85],"computation":[86,134,207],"task":[87,124,229],"arrival,":[88],"time-varying":[89],"channel":[90],"gains,":[91],"lack":[94],"mutual":[96],"trust":[97],"among":[98],"GUs":[100],"hinder":[101],"better":[102],"quality":[103],"service":[105],"promising":[108],"SAG-DT":[109,117],"network.":[110],"In":[111],"this":[112],"paper,":[113],"we":[114,142],"envision":[115],"blockchain":[119,194],"model":[120],"transfer":[122],"aerial":[128],"network,":[129],"then":[131],"perform":[132],"offloading,":[135],"energy":[136,170],"harvesting":[137],"privacy":[139,177,192,233],"protection.":[140],"propose":[143],"Lyapunov-aided":[145,216],"multi-agent":[146],"deep":[147],"federated":[148],"reinforcement":[149],"learning":[150],"(MADFRL)":[151],"algorithm":[152,186,218],"framework":[153,187],"optimize":[155],"CPU":[157],"cycle":[158],"frequency,":[159],"size":[161],"block,":[163],"number":[165],"DTs,":[167],"harvested":[169],"minimize":[172],"execution":[174,227],"costs":[175],"overhead.":[178,234],"Extensive":[179],"performance":[180,201],"analyses":[181],"indicate":[182],"MADFRL":[185,217],"strengthen":[189],"via":[193],"verification":[195],"mechanism":[196],"approaches":[198],"optimal":[200],"on":[202],"basis":[204],"lower":[206],"complexity.":[208],"Finally,":[209],"simulation":[210],"results":[211],"corroborate":[212],"proposed":[215],"superior":[220],"advanced":[222],"benchmarks":[223],"terms":[225],"costs,":[228],"processing":[230],"quantities":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}