{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401567723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3443208","title":"Continuous Authentication via Wrist Photoplethysmogram: An Extensive Study","display_name":"Continuous Authentication via Wrist Photoplethysmogram: An Extensive Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401567723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3443208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3443208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3443208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072533205","display_name":"Jinxiao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-5384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinxiao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9005-5384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081291260","display_name":"Xuanshu Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-5854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanshu Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622559","display_name":"Siwei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3673-0270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siwei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058507537","display_name":"Yongqiang Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongqiang Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024401174","display_name":"Xiangyang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-9975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102026017","display_name":"Yan Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-2640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100450575","display_name":"Dongsheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5779-9026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70975258,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"525","last_page":"538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.947700023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.947700023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.8471069931983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7335566282272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5047577619552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wrist","display_name":"Wrist","score":0.4203813970088959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.30954182147979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23229923844337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19191116094589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12813866138458252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.8471069931983948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7335566282272339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5047577619552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778216619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185706","display_name":"Wrist","level":2,"score":0.4203813970088959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30954182147979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23229923844337463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19191116094589233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12813866138458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3443208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3443208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2055012333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43065310","https://openalex.org/W1556949536","https://openalex.org/W1966738114","https://openalex.org/W1988681682","https://openalex.org/W1999370027","https://openalex.org/W2007123640","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2066236160","https://openalex.org/W2075183129","https://openalex.org/W2079024329","https://openalex.org/W2083553113","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2107595704","https://openalex.org/W2125107418","https://openalex.org/W2132123667","https://openalex.org/W2136975665","https://openalex.org/W2151341607","https://openalex.org/W2151854612","https://openalex.org/W2163686179","https://openalex.org/W2266977369","https://openalex.org/W2345175561","https://openalex.org/W2508774639","https://openalex.org/W2509745758","https://openalex.org/W2592269569","https://openalex.org/W2602244503","https://openalex.org/W2687548481","https://openalex.org/W2724592263","https://openalex.org/W2759456125","https://openalex.org/W2762561030","https://openalex.org/W2890276013","https://openalex.org/W2898998203","https://openalex.org/W2910830939","https://openalex.org/W2914320326","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2976121354","https://openalex.org/W2980498517","https://openalex.org/W2988890139","https://openalex.org/W3008038029","https://openalex.org/W3034556273","https://openalex.org/W3040629071","https://openalex.org/W3041373955","https://openalex.org/W3047126392","https://openalex.org/W3047405158","https://openalex.org/W3047500546","https://openalex.org/W3112789885","https://openalex.org/W3212800490","https://openalex.org/W4226525886","https://openalex.org/W4308480895","https://openalex.org/W6749825310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W1540261775","https://openalex.org/W4200107443","https://openalex.org/W4239033438","https://openalex.org/W2912135041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"authentication":[1],"(CA)":[2],"based":[3],"on":[4,18],"wrist":[5,77],"photoplethysmogram":[6],"(PPG)":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"increasingly":[10],"studied,":[11],"but":[12],"still":[13],"requires":[14],"further":[15],"extensive":[16],"investigation":[17],"PPG":[19,83,90,103],"reliability":[20],"over":[21],"time":[22],"and":[23,47,71,127,168],"heart":[24,59],"rates":[25,60,164],"for":[26,44,76,104,180],"real-world":[27],"deployments.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"paper,":[31],"we":[32,66,116,136],"first":[33,87],"analyze":[34],"the":[35,52,89,118,146,159],"inadequacy":[36],"of":[37,54,91,113,120,156,161],"current":[38],"research,":[39],"i.e.,":[40],"limited":[41],"generalization":[42],"capability":[43],"new":[45],"users":[46],"insufficient":[48],"experiments":[49],"due":[50],"to":[51,176],"absence":[53],"across-session":[55,125,166],"data":[56],"under":[57,158],"different":[58,124,181],"(HR).":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"problems,":[65],"then":[67,95],"propose":[68],"a":[69,81,111],"unified":[70],"scalable":[72],"feature":[73],"extraction":[74],"framework":[75,86],"PPG-based":[78],"CA.":[79],"Given":[80],"continuous":[82],"waveform,":[84],"our":[85,121,150],"encodes":[88],"each":[92],"period":[93],"separately,":[94],"extracts":[96],"variability":[97],"features":[98],"contained":[99],"in":[100,142,165],"consecutive":[101],"multi-period":[102],"user":[105],"authentication.":[106],"On":[107],"two":[108],"datasets":[109],"with":[110],"total":[112],"155":[114],"subjects,":[115],"evaluate":[117],"performances":[119,140],"system":[122,151],"using":[123],"levels":[126],"HR":[128,182],"intervals,":[129],"respectively.":[130],"Despite":[131],"more":[132],"stringent":[133],"experimental":[134],"settings,":[135],"achieve":[137],"even":[138],"better":[139],"than":[141],"previous":[143],"studies.":[144],"Using":[145],"subject-exclusive":[147],"cross-validation":[148],"protocol,":[149],"reaches":[152],"an":[153],"average":[154,169],"accuracy":[155,170],"92.1%":[157],"constraint":[160],"equal":[162],"error":[163],"evaluation,":[167],"ranges":[171],"from":[172],"86.4%":[173],"(high":[174],"HR)":[175,179],"91.4%":[177],"(low":[178],"intervals.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}