{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401357215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3439016","title":"Secure Offloading With Adversarial Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Against Intelligent Eavesdroppers in UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing","display_name":"Secure Offloading With Adversarial Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Against Intelligent Eavesdroppers in UAV-Enabled Mobile Edge Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401357215","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3439016"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3439016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3439016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048999737","display_name":"Xulong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-0323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xulong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5374-0323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010340533","display_name":"Wei Huangfu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-8395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Huangfu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-8395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101694146","display_name":"Xinyi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-2809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4776-2809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101950162","display_name":"Jiahao Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-2816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-2816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029384171","display_name":"Keping Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-6075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keping Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-6075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.5134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99153426,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"13914","last_page":"13928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.842150092124939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8089840412139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6401186585426331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6001885533332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.535197377204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5326817631721497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4900609254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4814431071281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.4548202157020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3843076825141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.31267857551574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22732961177825928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.842150092124939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8089840412139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6401186585426331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6001885533332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.535197377204895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5326817631721497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4900609254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4814431071281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.4548202157020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3843076825141907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.31267857551574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22732961177825928}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3439016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3439016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8010306742","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21A20456","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1191599655","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2009204314","https://openalex.org/W2119012490","https://openalex.org/W2268751503","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2626637010","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2946120941","https://openalex.org/W2962684895","https://openalex.org/W2963334314","https://openalex.org/W2977093897","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2998868602","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3015698455","https://openalex.org/W3048217314","https://openalex.org/W3085103981","https://openalex.org/W3095406007","https://openalex.org/W3103493968","https://openalex.org/W3105649577","https://openalex.org/W3116784068","https://openalex.org/W3128932660","https://openalex.org/W3134226813","https://openalex.org/W3135497297","https://openalex.org/W3160560398","https://openalex.org/W3163363316","https://openalex.org/W3207223387","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4280627398","https://openalex.org/W4292263648","https://openalex.org/W4296079473","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W4312264399","https://openalex.org/W4312985348","https://openalex.org/W4386432004","https://openalex.org/W4387490273","https://openalex.org/W4389317881","https://openalex.org/W4389331917","https://openalex.org/W6627932998","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6739516088","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6791533262"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3154796165","https://openalex.org/W4361251304","https://openalex.org/W3139051647","https://openalex.org/W2902693277","https://openalex.org/W4378977105","https://openalex.org/W3024547383","https://openalex.org/W4210813012","https://openalex.org/W3174690704","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W4221092438"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"edge":[1],"computing":[2,17],"(MEC)":[3],"has":[4,42],"attracted":[5],"widespread":[6],"attention":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,12,80,135,163],"its":[10],"ability":[11],"effectively":[13],"alleviate":[14],"the":[15,24,28,31,35,53,81,85,109,137,141,145,150,159,176,181,188,205],"cloud":[16],"load":[18],"and":[19,34,57,114,127,144,192],"significantly":[20,179],"reduce":[21],"latency.":[22],"However,":[23],"potential":[25,211],"eavesdroppers":[26,54,113],"challenge":[27],"security":[29,45],"of":[30,38,111,153,161,197,199],"MEC":[32,106],"systems":[33],"rapid":[36],"development":[37],"artificial":[39],"intelligence":[40],"(AI)":[41],"made":[43],"this":[44,131],"situation":[46],"more":[47],"severe.":[48],"In":[49],"most":[50],"existing":[51,182],"studies,":[52],"are":[55,63],"non-intelligent":[56],"it":[58],"is":[59,73],"assumed":[60],"that":[61,84,175],"they":[62],"fixed":[64],"or":[65],"move":[66],"in":[67,108,148,185,204],"a":[68,74,104],"simple":[69],"manner.":[70],"Obviously,":[71],"there":[72],"gap":[75],"from":[76],"such":[77],"an":[78,116],"assumption":[79],"real":[82],"conditions":[83],"eavesdropping":[86,146,190,212],"unmanned":[87],"aerial":[88],"vehicles":[89],"(UAVs)":[90],"may":[91],"adjust":[92],"their":[93,166],"flight":[94],"paths":[95],"intelligently.":[96],"To":[97],"better":[98],"reflect":[99],"real-world":[100],"scenarios,":[101],"we":[102,133],"consider":[103],"multi-UAV-assisted":[105],"system":[107],"presence":[110],"intelligent":[112,189],"propose":[115],"adversarial":[117],"multi-agent":[118],"reinforcement":[119],"learning":[120],"(MARL)-based":[121],"scheme":[122,178],"for":[123],"secure":[124],"computational":[125],"offloading":[126],"resource":[128],"allocation.":[129],"With":[130],"scheme,":[132],"aim":[134],"solve":[136],"zero-sum":[138],"game":[139],"between":[140],"legitimate":[142],"UAVs":[143,154],"UAVs,":[147,191],"which":[149],"two":[151],"types":[152],"take":[155],"turns":[156],"acting":[157],"as":[158],"agents":[160],"MARL":[162],"alternately":[164],"optimize":[165],"respective":[167],"opposing":[168],"objectives.":[169],"The":[170],"simulation":[171],"experimental":[172],"results":[173],"indicate":[174],"proposed":[177],"outperforms":[180],"baseline":[183],"methods":[184],"dealing":[186,209],"with":[187,210],"ensures":[193],"high":[194],"energy":[195],"efficiency":[196],"Internet":[198],"Things":[200],"(IoT)":[201],"devices":[202],"even":[203],"worst-case":[206],"scenario":[207],"when":[208],"threats.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}