{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400487903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3425847","title":"Characterizing the Through-Wall Sensing Mechanism of Wi-Fi Signals With a Refraction-Aware Fresnel Zone Model","display_name":"Characterizing the Through-Wall Sensing Mechanism of Wi-Fi Signals With a Refraction-Aware Fresnel Zone Model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400487903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3425847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3425847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3425847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013582853","display_name":"Zhihui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2929-9822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2929-9822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100439571","display_name":"Zhu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-8947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2368-8947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101677842","display_name":"Zhuo Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-278X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-278X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053609361","display_name":"Yifan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0284-8965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0284-8965","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013936047","display_name":"Wenchao Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-0985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-0985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011929264","display_name":"Hualei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-4267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hualei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8869-4267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408399","display_name":"Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2094-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2094-9734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078005520","display_name":"Bin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-2467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-2467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100701166","display_name":"Zhiwen Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9905-3238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwen Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9905-3238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108968965","display_name":"Xingshe Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingshe Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045729966","display_name":"Daqing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-1267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daqing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-1267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87234446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"13438","last_page":"13454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7188089489936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.5740144848823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refraction","display_name":"Refraction","score":0.49522700905799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fresnel-zone","display_name":"Fresnel zone","score":0.43326547741889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.36427122354507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2608729600906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15099841356277466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7188089489936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5740144848823547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72277","display_name":"Refraction","level":2,"score":0.49522700905799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200292535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455719","display_name":"Fresnel zone","level":3,"score":0.43326547741889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.36427122354507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2608729600906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15099841356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3425847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3425847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3762998126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62032018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G425168253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61960206008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4407733110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62322601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7930607411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102322","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G985593508","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8eWi-Fi CSI\u7684\u591a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u9c81\u68d2\u611f\u77e5\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072375","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983301216","https://openalex.org/W1991009937","https://openalex.org/W2016549506","https://openalex.org/W2038063001","https://openalex.org/W2063635549","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2095396347","https://openalex.org/W2129045955","https://openalex.org/W2164872011","https://openalex.org/W2507200569","https://openalex.org/W2507908806","https://openalex.org/W2570080371","https://openalex.org/W2736051620","https://openalex.org/W2764224278","https://openalex.org/W2771776337","https://openalex.org/W2827033964","https://openalex.org/W2890220560","https://openalex.org/W2891312406","https://openalex.org/W2896542121","https://openalex.org/W2899145720","https://openalex.org/W2904644584","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2962319395","https://openalex.org/W2964192401","https://openalex.org/W2972413602","https://openalex.org/W2979411809","https://openalex.org/W3011762860","https://openalex.org/W3044663159","https://openalex.org/W3083015740","https://openalex.org/W3083089941","https://openalex.org/W3103144676","https://openalex.org/W3173320109","https://openalex.org/W3201173074","https://openalex.org/W3209134806","https://openalex.org/W3216928343","https://openalex.org/W4200465366","https://openalex.org/W4220683080","https://openalex.org/W4283010434","https://openalex.org/W4285492263","https://openalex.org/W4306178410","https://openalex.org/W4306179613","https://openalex.org/W4306179722","https://openalex.org/W4315630996","https://openalex.org/W4376167392","https://openalex.org/W4380187276","https://openalex.org/W4390826150","https://openalex.org/W6698302138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2324615561","https://openalex.org/W2086120259","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2245170124","https://openalex.org/W2076393078","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W3186982001","https://openalex.org/W1984402782"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,24,28,40,58,99,124,128,135,141,151,157,160,174,189,204,220,228,242,249,262,266,269,278,282],"last":[2],"decade,":[3],"there":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6,37],"lots":[7],"of":[8,48,102,131,144,184,208,214,222,277],"efforts":[9],"on":[10,39,274],"wireless":[11,94],"sensing":[12,95,100,206,224,236,258],"using":[13],"Wi-Fi":[14,103,132,209,223],"signals,":[15],"which":[16,73],"can":[17,289],"be":[18],"divided":[19],"into":[20,121],"two":[21,257],"categories,":[22],"i.e.,":[23],"pattern-based":[25],"approach":[26],"and":[27,33,127,159,167,179,265],"model-based":[29,41],"approach.":[30],"Recently,":[31],"more":[32,34],"attention":[35],"has":[36],"paid":[38],"approach,":[42],"mainly":[43,67],"due":[44,149],"to":[45,77,97,150,173,202,218],"its":[46],"superiority":[47],"no":[49],"need":[50],"for":[51,60,69,256],"collecting":[52],"a":[53,92,110,195,212,233],"large":[54],"dataset":[55],"or":[56],"retraining":[57],"model":[59,96,116],"new":[61,196],"environments.":[62],"However,":[63],"existing":[64],"models":[65],"are":[66,74,216],"designed":[68],"Line-of-Sight":[70],"(LoS)":[71],"scenarios,":[72,80],"not":[75],"applicable":[76],"Non-Line-of-Sight":[78],"(NLoS)":[79],"such":[81],"as":[82],"through-wall":[83,93,205,234],"sensing.":[84],"To":[85,226],"bridge":[86],"this":[87],"gap,":[88],"we":[89,138,191,231],"put":[90,193],"forward":[91,194],"reveal":[98],"mechanism":[101],"signals":[104],"in":[105,153,252,261,268,284],"NLoS":[106],"scenarios.":[107],"In":[108],"particular,":[109],"<italic":[111,175,180,199],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[112,176,181,200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">refraction-aware</i>":[113],"Fresnel":[114,145,185],"zone":[115],"is":[117],"developed":[118,217],"by":[119,188],"taking":[120],"account":[122],"both":[123,275],"reflection":[125],"propagation":[126,130],"refraction":[129],"signals.":[133,210],"For":[134],"first":[136],"time,":[137],"discover":[139],"that":[140,241],"geometric":[142],"distribution":[143],"zones":[146],"becomes":[147],"uneven,":[148],"difference":[152,283],"dielectric":[154],"constants":[155],"between":[156],"air":[158],"wall.":[161],"Specifically,":[162,255],"some":[163],"areas":[164,169],"become":[165,170],"denser":[166],"other":[168,267],"sparser,":[171],"leading":[172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">squeeze":[177],"effect</i>":[178,183],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">stretch":[182],"zones.":[186],"Inspired":[187],"insight,":[190],"further":[192],"metric":[197],"named":[198],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">compression-ratio</i>":[201],"quantify":[203],"capability":[207],"Meanwhile,":[211],"set":[213],"algorithms":[215],"guide":[219],"deployment":[221],"systems.":[225],"validate":[227],"proposed":[229],"model,":[230],"implement":[232],"respiration":[235,243],"prototype":[237],"system.":[238],"Experiments":[239],"show":[240],"detection":[244],"performance":[245],"varies":[246],"significantly":[247],"when":[248],"user":[250],"locates":[251],"different":[253],"areas.":[254],"locations":[259],"(one":[260],"compression":[263],"area":[264],"expansion":[270],"area)":[271],"symmetrically":[272],"distributed":[273],"sides":[276],"transceivers\u2019":[279],"connection":[280],"line,":[281],"mean":[285],"absolute":[286],"errors":[287],"(MAE)":[288],"exceed":[290],"3":[291],"times.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-10T07:45:09.275182","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
