{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399994184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3418881","title":"LMaaS: Exploring Pricing Strategy of Large Model as a Service for Communication","display_name":"LMaaS: Exploring Pricing Strategy of Large Model as a Service for Communication","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399994184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3418881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3418881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3418881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032107933","display_name":"Panlong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0051-4613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panlong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6382-4869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102694183","display_name":"Yanjie Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482657","display_name":"Shenzhen MSU-BIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/02q963474","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjie Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotional Intelligence and Pervasive Computing, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Emotional Intelligence and Pervasive Computing, Shenzhen MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388482657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101945505","display_name":"Zhaorui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-1555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaorui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), School of Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Future Networks of Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), School of Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Future Networks of Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), School of Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Future Networks of Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Future Network of Intelligence Institute (FNii-Shenzhen), School of Science and Engineering and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Future Networks of Intelligence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101686970","display_name":"Fangxin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2559-045X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangxin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032107933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9071819,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"12748","last_page":"12760"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.42980000376701355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.42980000376701355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.4077000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.399399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7558135986328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45417001843452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.44271814823150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.40901172161102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3307512700557709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15559059381484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.08562231063842773}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7558135986328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45417001843452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.44271814823150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.40901172161102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3307512700557709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15559059381484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.08562231063842773}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3418881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3418881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1820757287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3004386410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515012668","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6352250275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293482","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089953380","https://openalex.org/W2596760110","https://openalex.org/W2626609413","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2762202334","https://openalex.org/W2790441081","https://openalex.org/W2792244469","https://openalex.org/W2919715400","https://openalex.org/W2920282816","https://openalex.org/W2963174256","https://openalex.org/W2997859350","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3036851434","https://openalex.org/W3045828040","https://openalex.org/W3046522680","https://openalex.org/W3095661045","https://openalex.org/W3113050802","https://openalex.org/W3118939954","https://openalex.org/W3120257902","https://openalex.org/W3152560966","https://openalex.org/W3166791908","https://openalex.org/W3168867926","https://openalex.org/W3200083976","https://openalex.org/W3202543149","https://openalex.org/W3204009265","https://openalex.org/W4206175303","https://openalex.org/W4225009676","https://openalex.org/W4226042246","https://openalex.org/W4226150551","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4285228084","https://openalex.org/W4285247752","https://openalex.org/W4296871585","https://openalex.org/W4311554933","https://openalex.org/W4313387436","https://openalex.org/W4318186659","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4323646138","https://openalex.org/W4377235105","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385901200","https://openalex.org/W4389403357","https://openalex.org/W4391590983","https://openalex.org/W4392822465","https://openalex.org/W4401176007","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6772383348","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6788595743","https://openalex.org/W6796581206","https://openalex.org/W6810966997","https://openalex.org/W6847614662","https://openalex.org/W6850625674","https://openalex.org/W6862397664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,6,59,65,125,168,221],"the":[2,41,53,57,94,109,123,127,133,145,150,166,185,217,225,233,238,242],"most":[3],"important":[4],"features":[5,26],"next-generation":[7],"communication":[8],"is":[9,99,205],"to":[10,47,85,207],"incorporate":[11],"intelligence":[12],"towards":[13],"semantic":[14,19],"communication,":[15],"where":[16],"highly":[17],"condensed":[18],"information":[20],"considering":[21],"both":[22,126],"source":[23],"and":[24,30,40,62,96,104,129,154,198,219,236],"channel":[25],"will":[27,78],"be":[28,79,208],"extracted":[29],"transmitted.":[31],"The":[32],"recent":[33],"popular":[34],"large":[35,68,169],"models":[36,170],"such":[37],"as":[38,86,89,137],"GPT4":[39],"boosting":[42],"learning":[43],"techniques":[44],"are":[45],"envisioned":[46],"accelerate":[48],"its":[49],"practical":[50],"implementation":[51],"in":[52,81,114,230],"near":[54],"future.":[55],"Given":[56],"characteristics":[58],"\u201ctraining":[60],"once":[61],"widely":[63],"use\u201d":[64],"those":[66],"multimodal":[67],"language":[69],"models,":[70],"we":[71,121,148,188],"argue":[72],"that":[73,164],"a":[74,90,138,180,195],"pay-as-you-go":[75],"service":[76],"mode":[77],"suitable":[80],"this":[82,119],"context,":[83],"referred":[84],"Large":[87],"Model":[88,158],"Service":[91],"(LMaaS).":[92],"However,":[93],"trading":[95,136],"pricing":[97,110,152,182],"problem":[98,112],"quite":[100],"complex":[101],"with":[102,141,210],"heterogeneous":[103],"dynamic":[105],"customer":[106,234],"environments,":[107],"making":[108],"optimization":[111],"challenging":[113],"seeking":[115],"on-hand":[116],"solutions.":[117],"In":[118,144,184],"paper,":[120],"optimize":[122,149,189],"profit":[124,231,240],"seller":[128,243],"customers.":[130],"We":[131],"formulate":[132],"LMaaS":[134],"market":[135],"Stackelberg":[139],"game":[140],"two":[142],"steps.":[143],"first":[146],"step,":[147,187],"seller's":[151],"decision":[153],"propose":[155],"an":[156],"Iterative":[157],"Pricing":[159],"(<monospace":[160,200],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[161,201],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">IMP</monospace>)":[162],"algorithm":[163],"optimizes":[165],"prices":[167],"iteratively":[171],"by":[172,193,228],"reasoning":[173],"customers\u2019":[174,190],"future":[175],"rental":[176],"decisions,":[177],"which":[178,204],"achieves":[179],"near-optimal":[181,239],"solution.":[183],"second":[186],"selection":[191],"decisions":[192],"designing":[194],"robust":[196],"selecting":[197],"renting":[199],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">RSR</monospace>)":[202],"algorithm,":[203],"guaranteed":[206],"optimal":[209],"rigorous":[211],"theoretical":[212],"proof.":[213],"Extensive":[214],"experiments":[215],"confirm":[216],"effectiveness":[218],"robustness":[220],"our":[222],"algorithms,":[223],"outperforming":[224],"state-of-the-art":[226],"solution":[227],"43.96%":[229],"at":[232,241],"side":[235],"achieving":[237],"side.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}