{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396941604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3401096","title":"Manipulating Voice Assistants Eavesdropping via Inherent Vulnerability Unveiling in Mobile Systems","display_name":"Manipulating Voice Assistants Eavesdropping via Inherent Vulnerability Unveiling in Mobile Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396941604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3401096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3401096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3401096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004290483","display_name":"Wenbin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-2426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-2426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, the Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046261606","display_name":"Hanyuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6448-1163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Digital Media and Entertainment Group, Hangzhou, China","Department of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Digital Media and Entertainment Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013699453","display_name":"Hangcheng Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hangcheng Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0957-8576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015419107","display_name":"Ju Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-183X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2782-183X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061448582","display_name":"Hongbo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066341740","display_name":"Zhangjie Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-2521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhangjie Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-2521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069049205","display_name":"Yaoxue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-461X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoxue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-461X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96068267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"12","first_page":"11549","last_page":"11563"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9538000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9538000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9517999887466431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9218000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.906154215335846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8306082487106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6076099872589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.520620584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5161808133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.4867977797985077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.485595166683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.3303420841693878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.906154215335846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8306082487106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6076099872589111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.520620584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5161808133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.4867977797985077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.485595166683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.3303420841693878}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3401096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3401096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G331018939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3657036470","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G408200172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7740266552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1523142401045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","funder_display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G975555798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172232","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022217943","https://openalex.org/W2148519244","https://openalex.org/W2759491482","https://openalex.org/W2810520600","https://openalex.org/W2810911466","https://openalex.org/W2923400712","https://openalex.org/W2934855417","https://openalex.org/W2955211306","https://openalex.org/W2972950455","https://openalex.org/W2980498517","https://openalex.org/W3004215161","https://openalex.org/W3004549544","https://openalex.org/W3006816054","https://openalex.org/W3007498683","https://openalex.org/W3007913795","https://openalex.org/W3008212203","https://openalex.org/W3029119254","https://openalex.org/W3038201654","https://openalex.org/W3047561893","https://openalex.org/W3123941558","https://openalex.org/W3138076532","https://openalex.org/W3151103709","https://openalex.org/W3153453329","https://openalex.org/W3189494148","https://openalex.org/W3192002977","https://openalex.org/W3197954210","https://openalex.org/W3200676693","https://openalex.org/W3207651366","https://openalex.org/W3211832054","https://openalex.org/W4220922534","https://openalex.org/W4225011965","https://openalex.org/W4281384987","https://openalex.org/W4283204589","https://openalex.org/W4283209042","https://openalex.org/W4285225680","https://openalex.org/W4288057735","https://openalex.org/W4288057754","https://openalex.org/W4288061958","https://openalex.org/W4300824008","https://openalex.org/W4308642956","https://openalex.org/W4308907870","https://openalex.org/W4312436332","https://openalex.org/W4313169988","https://openalex.org/W4317038408","https://openalex.org/W4323891855","https://openalex.org/W4361771392","https://openalex.org/W4380364830","https://openalex.org/W4386076050","https://openalex.org/W4386280481","https://openalex.org/W6750412548","https://openalex.org/W6751186222","https://openalex.org/W6773658961","https://openalex.org/W6798539842","https://openalex.org/W6851053848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043100179","https://openalex.org/W3009067413","https://openalex.org/W4210272022","https://openalex.org/W1844259124","https://openalex.org/W2170939602","https://openalex.org/W1974440652","https://openalex.org/W1541175715","https://openalex.org/W565993663","https://openalex.org/W2326504464","https://openalex.org/W1729918523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerous":[0],"mobile":[1,173],"devices":[2,198],"are":[3],"equipped":[4],"with":[5,194],"voice":[6,18,34,44,63,68,76,88,113,153,162],"assistants":[7,19,45,64,77,114,154],"to":[8,32,42,70,151],"facilitate":[9],"contactless":[10],"user-device":[11],"interaction.":[12],"However,":[13],"the":[14,92,156,167,188],"widespread":[15],"availability":[16],"of":[17,51,87,191],"also":[20],"raises":[21],"security":[22],"and":[23,55,95,103,145,175],"privacy":[24],"concerns,":[25],"as":[26],"they":[27,48,60],"can":[28,119],"be":[29,120],"maliciously":[30],"triggered":[31],"perform":[33],"eavesdropping.":[35],"Although":[36],"diverse":[37],"attacks":[38,169],"have":[39],"been":[40],"taken":[41],"manipulate":[43,74],"for":[46,78,159,179],"eavesdropping,":[47,160],"exhibit":[49],"deficiencies":[50],"limited":[52],"attack":[53,57,135],"scopes":[54],"conspicuous":[56],"behaviors":[58],"because":[59],"target":[61],"specific":[62],"or":[65],"require":[66],"extra":[67],"commands":[69],"activate":[71],"them.":[72],"To":[73],"arbitrary":[75],"covert":[79],"eavesdropping":[80,180],"attack,":[81],"we":[82,106,132,165],"conduct":[83],"a":[84,97,140,146],"comprehensive":[85],"analysis":[86,102],"assistant":[89],"implementation":[90],"in":[91,112],"Android":[93],"system":[94],"refine":[96],"universal":[98],"workflow.":[99],"Through":[100],"meticulous":[101],"experimental":[104],"verification,":[105],"uncover":[107],"an":[108,123,134],"inherent":[109],"vulnerability":[110],"that":[111,118],"across":[115],"device":[116],"types":[117],"awakened":[121],"by":[122],"artificial":[124],"faking":[125],"Intent.":[126],"Building":[127],"on":[128,170],"this":[129],"significant":[130],"discovery,":[131],"propose":[133],"termed":[136],"VoiceEar.":[137],"It":[138],"leverages":[139],"malicious":[141],"event":[142],"generation":[143,149],"file":[144],"first-in-first-out":[147],"Intent":[148],"algorithm":[150],"trigger":[152],"within":[155],"normal":[157],"workflow":[158],"without":[161],"commands.":[163],"Finally,":[164],"deploy":[166],"VoiceEar":[168,192],"25":[171],"mainstream":[172],"devices,":[174],"invite":[176],"95":[177],"volunteers":[178],"activity":[181],"perception":[182],"testing.":[183],"The":[184],"results":[185],"unequivocally":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"seamless":[189],"execution":[190],"attacks,":[193],"neither":[195],"users":[196],"nor":[197],"awareness.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
