{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392086030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3368339","title":"MuKI-Fi: Multi-Person Keystroke Inference With BFI-Enabled Wi-Fi Sensing","display_name":"MuKI-Fi: Multi-Person Keystroke Inference With BFI-Enabled Wi-Fi Sensing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392086030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3368339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3368339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3368339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043743039","display_name":"H. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-636X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collaborative Initiative, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-636X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Initiative, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, NTU, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025229923","display_name":"Jingyang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-7913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-7913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030635624","display_name":"Tianyue Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-6498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyue Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2826-6498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025344129","display_name":"Jingzhi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-3576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingzhi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1965-3576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656819","display_name":"Zhe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-2696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Networking and Computing Research Center, School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-2696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Networking and Computing Research Center, School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061448582","display_name":"Hongbo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016044907","display_name":"Yuanjin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanjin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-367X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081222445","display_name":"Jun Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-5158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7036-5158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83791831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"9835","last_page":"9850"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7143216133117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.47398367524147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.457663357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4210663437843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.41022664308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25093019008636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08535507321357727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7143216133117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.47398367524147034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.457663357257843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4210663437843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.41022664308547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25093019008636475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08535507321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3368339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3368339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1550394049","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FCP-NTURG-2022-015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","funder_display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60514381","https://openalex.org/W405461467","https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W606780114","https://openalex.org/W1972949070","https://openalex.org/W1992641473","https://openalex.org/W1996020380","https://openalex.org/W2004333922","https://openalex.org/W2007382769","https://openalex.org/W2010882865","https://openalex.org/W2038093357","https://openalex.org/W2067862677","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2115042198","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2124885613","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2150639461","https://openalex.org/W2154078868","https://openalex.org/W2155753432","https://openalex.org/W2166985651","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2397605099","https://openalex.org/W2534482106","https://openalex.org/W2554864015","https://openalex.org/W2569064808","https://openalex.org/W2579193977","https://openalex.org/W2615665007","https://openalex.org/W2739610708","https://openalex.org/W2794478211","https://openalex.org/W2794847599","https://openalex.org/W2865154361","https://openalex.org/W2890915954","https://openalex.org/W2919610866","https://openalex.org/W2939880928","https://openalex.org/W2946997733","https://openalex.org/W3083015740","https://openalex.org/W3163721705","https://openalex.org/W3194370845","https://openalex.org/W3212949089","https://openalex.org/W3213922268","https://openalex.org/W4283204284","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4308410896","https://openalex.org/W4317927969","https://openalex.org/W4319837263","https://openalex.org/W4386555034","https://openalex.org/W6636994897","https://openalex.org/W6639480849","https://openalex.org/W6697491314","https://openalex.org/W6754222335","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6794218396","https://openalex.org/W6802602291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W2413243053","https://openalex.org/W410723623","https://openalex.org/W2015341305","https://openalex.org/W2035068594","https://openalex.org/W4225593417","https://openalex.org/W2573498121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"contact-free":[1],"sensing":[2,49],"nature":[3],"of":[4,161,197],"Wi-Fi":[5,48,80,103],"has":[6],"been":[7],"leveraged":[8],"to":[9,29,35,43,54,65,106,116,137,156,208],"achieve":[10],"privacy":[11],"breaches":[12],"such":[13,38],"askeystroke":[14],"inference(KI).":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[17,68,110,159,195],"use":[18],"ofchannel":[19],"state":[20],"information(CSI)":[21],"in":[22,83,132,153,168],"existing":[23,119],"attacks":[24,40],"is":[25,152],"highly":[26],"questionable":[27],"due":[28],"its":[30,139],"signal":[31,92],"instability":[32],"and":[33,91,98,206],"hardness":[34],"acquire.":[36],"Moreover,":[37,115],"Wi-Fi-based":[39],"are":[41],"confined":[42],"only":[44],"one":[45],"victim":[46],"because":[47],"offers":[50],"insufficient":[51],"range":[52],"resolution":[53],"physically":[55],"differentiate":[56],"multiple":[57,198],"victims.":[58],"To":[59],"this":[60,177],"end,":[61],"we":[62,146],"propose":[63],"MuKI-Fi":[64,130,190],"enable,":[66],"for":[67,181,203,212],"first":[69],"time,multi-personKI,":[70],"leveragingbeamforming":[71],"feedback":[72],"information(BFI),":[73],"a":[74,150,157],"new":[75],"feature":[76],"offered":[77],"by":[78,85,100,164,173],"latest":[79],"hardware,":[81],"transmitted":[82],"clear-text":[84,89],"smartphones.":[86],"BFI's":[87],"characteristics,":[88],"communication":[90],"stability,":[93],"make":[94],"it":[95],"readily":[96],"acquirable":[97],"usable":[99],"any":[101],"other":[102,174],"devices":[104],"switching":[105],"monitor":[107],"mode":[108],"without":[109],"need":[111],"forlow-levelhacking":[112],"on":[113,194,219],"hardware.":[114],"improve":[117],"upon":[118],"KI":[120],"methods":[121],"offering":[122],"very":[123],"limited":[124],"generalizability":[125],"across":[126],"diversified":[127],"application":[128],"scenarios,":[129],"innovates":[131],"an":[133],"adversarial":[134],"learning":[135],"scheme":[136],"enable":[138],"inference":[140],"generalizable":[141],"towards":[142],"unseen":[143],"scenarios.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"discover":[147],"that,":[148],"as":[149],"smartphone":[151],"close":[154],"proximity":[155],"victim,":[158],"variations":[160],"BFI":[162],"caused":[163,172],"that":[165,189],"victim's":[166],"keystrokes":[167,196,205],"suchnear-fieldsubstantially":[169],"outweigh":[170],"those":[171],"distant":[175],"victims;":[176],"phenomenon":[178],"naturally":[179],"allows":[180],"multi-person":[182],"KI.":[183],"Our":[184],"extensive":[185],"evaluations":[186],"clearly":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"can":[191],"effectively":[192],"eavesdrop":[193],"subjects,":[199],"achieving":[200],"87.1%":[201],"accuracy":[202,211],"individual":[204],"up":[207],"81%":[209],"top-100":[210],"stealing":[213],"passwords":[214],"from":[215],"mobile":[216],"applications(e.g.,":[217],"WeChat)":[218],"average.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}