{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390938716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3355118","title":"Making Serverless Not So Cold in Edge Clouds: A Cost-Effective Online Approach","display_name":"Making Serverless Not So Cold in Edge Clouds: A Cost-Effective Online Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390938716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3355118"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3355118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3355118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/145084","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024285359","display_name":"Ke Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6713-0053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6713-0053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051317379","display_name":"Song Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-1402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-1402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373560","display_name":"Fan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634361","display_name":"Liehuang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-3887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liehuang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-3887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385692","display_name":"Xu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-6020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-6020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018318168","display_name":"Xiaoming Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-4753"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-4753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2498,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96828301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"8789","last_page":"8802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8726847171783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6875550150871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rounding","display_name":"Rounding","score":0.6177711486816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.6001908779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-algorithm","display_name":"Online algorithm","score":0.5868160724639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5734836459159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5707342028617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5611570477485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.46517086029052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.43053382635116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.42819300293922424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3136207163333893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2853618860244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.197031170129776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09701612591743469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8726847171783447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6875550150871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136625980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663208","display_name":"Rounding","level":2,"score":0.6177711486816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6001908779144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196921405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786431","display_name":"Online algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5868160724639893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5734836459159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5707342028617859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5611570477485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46517086029052734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.43053382635116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.42819300293922424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3136207163333893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2853618860244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.197031170129776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09701612591743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3355118","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2024.3355118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/145084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/145084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/145084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/145084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4711162962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4232033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5443068723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G645405385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6482157743","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021B151520008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7860887917","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u8f66\u8f86\u5b89\u5168\u9a7e\u9a76\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G838165925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G922434764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063753743","https://openalex.org/W2805099501","https://openalex.org/W2900394813","https://openalex.org/W2955945313","https://openalex.org/W2971223747","https://openalex.org/W2973288277","https://openalex.org/W2982076181","https://openalex.org/W3027621476","https://openalex.org/W3034606981","https://openalex.org/W3084562540","https://openalex.org/W3085460132","https://openalex.org/W3118161122","https://openalex.org/W3136283726","https://openalex.org/W3177121517","https://openalex.org/W3193057123","https://openalex.org/W3214790030","https://openalex.org/W4200551577","https://openalex.org/W4206788825","https://openalex.org/W4226279572","https://openalex.org/W4226302867","https://openalex.org/W4283219705","https://openalex.org/W4292973167","https://openalex.org/W4309672335","https://openalex.org/W4312851802","https://openalex.org/W4361802011","https://openalex.org/W4385329427","https://openalex.org/W6753337532","https://openalex.org/W6753751555","https://openalex.org/W6764903536","https://openalex.org/W6775201933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435","https://openalex.org/W4313463379","https://openalex.org/W3214037210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Applying":[0],"the":[1,13,25,32,55,73,108,130,137,141,150,156,164,176,197,204],"serverless":[2,28,46,78],"paradigm":[3],"to":[4,20,86,106,166,195,223],"edge":[5,8,47,123],"computing":[6,29,44,48],"improves":[7,31],"resource":[9,93],"utilization":[10,94],"while":[11],"bringing":[12],"benefits":[14],"of":[15,27,34,54,97,152,214,230],"flexible":[16],"scaling":[17],"and":[18,30,82,88,95,116,148,155,218,232],"pay-as-you-go":[19],"latency-sensitive":[21],"applications.":[22],"This":[23],"extends":[24],"boundaries":[26],"quality":[33],"service":[35],"for":[36,119],"Function-as-a-Service":[37],"users.":[38],"However,":[39],"as":[40,72],"an":[41,170,181],"emerging":[42],"cloud":[43],"paradigm,":[45],"faces":[49],"pressing":[50],"challenges,":[51],"with":[52,184,227],"one":[53,146],"biggest":[56],"obstacles":[57],"being":[58],"delay":[59,69],"caused":[60],"by":[61,112],"excessively":[62],"long":[63],"container":[64],"cold":[65,219],"starts.":[66],"Cold":[67],"start":[68,220],"is":[70,80,133],"defined":[71],"time":[74,160],"between":[75,158],"when":[76,83],"a":[77,185,190],"function":[79,114],"triggered":[81],"it":[84],"begins":[85],"execute,":[87],"its":[89],"existence":[90],"seriously":[91],"impacts":[92],"Quality":[96],"Service":[98],"(QoS).":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103],"study":[104],"how":[105],"minimize":[107],"total":[109,216],"system":[110],"cost":[111,217,221],"caching":[113],"containers":[115],"selecting":[117],"routes":[118],"neighboring":[120],"functions":[121],"via":[122],"or":[124],"public":[125],"clouds.":[126],"We":[127,173],"prove":[128],"that":[129,149,163,203],"proposed":[131,205],"problem":[132,165],"NP-hard":[134],"even":[135],"in":[136,169,212],"special":[138],"case":[139],"where":[140],"user":[142,153],"request":[143],"contains":[144],"only":[145],"function,":[147],"unpredictability":[151],"requests":[154],"impact":[157],"adjacent":[159],"decisions":[161],"require":[162],"be":[167],"solved":[168],"online":[171,182,206],"fashion.":[172],"then":[174],"design":[175],"Online":[177],"Lazy":[178],"Caching":[179],"algorithm,":[180],"algorithm":[183,194,207],"worst-case":[186],"competitive":[187],"ratio":[188],"using":[189],"randomized":[191],"dependent":[192],"rounding":[193],"solve":[196],"problem.":[198],"Extensive":[199],"simulation":[200],"results":[201],"show":[202],"can":[208],"achieve":[209],"close-to-optimal":[210],"performance":[211],"terms":[213],"both":[215],"compared":[222],"other":[224],"existing":[225],"algorithms,":[226],"average":[228],"improvements":[229],"31.6%":[231],"51.7%.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}