{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388109659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3328473","title":"Graph Neural Network-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Payment Channel Rebalancing","display_name":"Graph Neural Network-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning for Payment Channel Rebalancing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388109659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3328473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3328473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3328473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066482792","display_name":"Wuhui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-7904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wuhui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052666042","display_name":"Xiaoyu Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-9060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010294093","display_name":"Zhongteng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-8979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongteng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023639128","display_name":"Bingxin Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-3100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingxin Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101742259","display_name":"Linlin Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1241-3425"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Complex Systems Simulation Laboratory, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Complex Systems Simulation Laboratory, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012731436","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Digital Life, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066482792"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2692,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89697451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"7066","last_page":"7083"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8238736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.778423011302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5515876412391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4953802824020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4903407096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4674777686595917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3749750852584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36778193712234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.25576674938201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19125288724899292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8238736391067505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.778423011302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5515876412391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4953802824020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4903407096862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4674777686595917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3749750852584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36778193712234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25576674938201904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19125288724899292}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3328473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3328473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1596881006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QN01X130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2872466068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172453","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2766452458","https://openalex.org/W2904246096","https://openalex.org/W2913856657","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2963978499","https://openalex.org/W2994447459","https://openalex.org/W3035408628","https://openalex.org/W3036703963","https://openalex.org/W3046952735","https://openalex.org/W3059487196","https://openalex.org/W3105771448","https://openalex.org/W3111419317","https://openalex.org/W3115015728","https://openalex.org/W3125012172","https://openalex.org/W3176631401","https://openalex.org/W4205739822","https://openalex.org/W4207050366","https://openalex.org/W4308398702","https://openalex.org/W4312457271","https://openalex.org/W4389746693","https://openalex.org/W6627932998","https://openalex.org/W6634413486","https://openalex.org/W6683258052","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6757592117","https://openalex.org/W6768167848","https://openalex.org/W6845545086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W2024136090","https://openalex.org/W4391331176","https://openalex.org/W2031695474","https://openalex.org/W2586732548","https://openalex.org/W2964765435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"on":[1,63,72,263],"top":[2],"of":[3,44,125,146,169,182,249,267],"blockchain,":[4],"payment":[5,18,36,64,191,212],"channel":[6,37,53,65,192],"networks-backed":[7],"(PCNs)":[8],"cryptocurrencies":[9],"emerge":[10],"as":[11],"a":[12,16,42,49,69,90,144,159,186,226,238,253,279],"promising":[13],"solution":[14,162],"for":[15,33,260],"mobile":[17],"system":[19],"with":[20,51,197,225],"fewer":[21],"intermediaries,":[22],"more":[23,280],"security,":[24],"higher":[25],"speed,":[26],"and":[27,149,163,177,214,232,283,288,295],"lower":[28],"cost.":[29],"A":[30],"key":[31],"problem":[32,74,132,142],"PCN":[34,50,277],"is":[35,172],"rebalancing,":[38],"that":[39,47,272],"is,":[40],"finding":[41],"set":[43],"circular":[45,209,235],"transactions":[46],"restore":[48,275],"skewed":[52],"balances":[54],"back":[55],"into":[56,80,143],"an":[57],"equilibrium":[58],"state.":[59],"However,":[60],"existing":[61],"practice":[62],"rebalancing":[66,141,193],"either":[67],"has":[68],"hard":[70],"limit":[71],"the":[73,121,135,140,152,165,180,201,207,222,234,246,264,276,285],"size":[75],"or":[76],"tends":[77],"to":[78,129,157,174,257,278,293],"fall":[79],"local":[81,187],"optimum.":[82,188],"To":[83],"address":[84],"these":[85],"challenges,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"DRL-PCR,":[89],"<underline":[91,95,99,103,107,111],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[92,96,100,104,108,112],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">D</u>":[93],"eep":[94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">R</u>":[97,113],"einforcement":[98],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L</u>":[101],"earning-based":[102],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">P</u>":[105],"ayment":[106],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">C</u>":[109],"hannel":[110],"ebalancing":[114],"algorithm.":[115],"On":[116,134],"one":[117],"hand,":[118,137],"DRL-PCR":[119,138,171,217,251,273],"leverages":[120],"strong":[122],"approximation":[123],"ability":[124],"deep":[126],"neural":[127,229],"networks":[128],"handle":[130],"large":[131],"spaces.":[133],"other":[136],"decomposes":[139],"sequence":[145],"decision-making":[147],"problems":[148],"progressively":[150],"builds":[151],"final":[153],"solution.":[154],"By":[155],"aiming":[156],"find":[158],"globally":[160],"optimized":[161],"solving":[164],"long-term":[166],"optimization":[167],"model":[168,231],"DRL,":[170],"superior":[173],"greedy-based":[175],"algorithms":[176],"can":[178,274],"mitigate":[179],"risk":[181],"getting":[183],"trapped":[184],"in":[185,205],"In":[189,243],"particular,":[190],"typically":[194],"involves":[195],"dealing":[196],"graph-structured":[198],"data,":[199],"where":[200],"major":[202],"obstacle":[203],"lies":[204],"understanding":[206],"sophisticated":[208],"dependencies":[210,236],"between":[211],"channels":[213],"routing":[215],"paths.":[216],"achieves":[218],"this":[219],"by":[220,291],"encoding":[221],"input":[223],"data":[224,266],"novel":[227],"graph":[228],"network-based":[230],"capturing":[233],"through":[237],"customized":[239],"message":[240],"passing":[241],"process.":[242],"addition,":[244],"considering":[245],"distributed":[247],"nature":[248],"PCN,":[250],"uses":[252],"leadership":[254],"election":[255],"protocol":[256],"elect":[258],"leaders":[259],"decision-making.":[261],"Evaluations":[262],"historical":[265],"two":[268],"real-world":[269],"PCNs":[270],"demonstrate":[271],"balanced":[281],"state":[282],"improve":[284],"transaction":[286],"throughput":[287],"success":[289],"ratios":[290],"up":[292],"2.1x":[294],"1.6x,":[296],"respectively.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}