{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387272209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3321514","title":"ZITA: Zero-Interaction Two-Factor Authentication Using Contact Traces and In-Band Proximity Verification","display_name":"ZITA: Zero-Interaction Two-Factor Authentication Using Contact Traces and In-Band Proximity Verification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387272209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3321514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3321514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3321514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037544707","display_name":"Nirnimesh Ghose","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-5977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirnimesh Ghose","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-5977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017092733","display_name":"Kaustubh Gupta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaustubh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063642902","display_name":"Loukas Lazos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-7063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Loukas Lazos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-7063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100351421","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4073-0273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4073-0273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743349","display_name":"Ziqi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-5801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763521","display_name":"Jincheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2328-3624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jincheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4662,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91267943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"6318","last_page":"6333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.8038238286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7984473705291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.6750251054763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6553230881690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.6278433799743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5835797786712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5826935172080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.4204978048801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3932207226753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3854736089706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3818933367729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34741753339767456}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8038238286972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7984473705291748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.6750251054763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6553230881690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.6278433799743652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5835797786712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5826935172080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4204978048801422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3932207226753235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3854736089706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3818933367729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34741753339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3321514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3321514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312113","display_name":"Nebraska Center for Energy Sciences Research, University of Nebraska-Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1656028867","https://openalex.org/W1989085188","https://openalex.org/W1990556702","https://openalex.org/W2013448720","https://openalex.org/W2014067678","https://openalex.org/W2019258915","https://openalex.org/W2020600447","https://openalex.org/W2052012125","https://openalex.org/W2151295171","https://openalex.org/W2161455567","https://openalex.org/W2254700249","https://openalex.org/W2503510896","https://openalex.org/W2504658464","https://openalex.org/W2524211002","https://openalex.org/W2534878473","https://openalex.org/W2761420877","https://openalex.org/W2767098552","https://openalex.org/W2767237855","https://openalex.org/W2788235928","https://openalex.org/W2789461976","https://openalex.org/W2793573497","https://openalex.org/W2794306189","https://openalex.org/W2795566406","https://openalex.org/W2802012776","https://openalex.org/W2803881785","https://openalex.org/W2810116884","https://openalex.org/W2885474416","https://openalex.org/W2896384017","https://openalex.org/W2896886577","https://openalex.org/W2945441410","https://openalex.org/W2964113506","https://openalex.org/W2980372565","https://openalex.org/W3008038029","https://openalex.org/W3011841503","https://openalex.org/W3016124431","https://openalex.org/W3032010444","https://openalex.org/W3044454883","https://openalex.org/W3047126392","https://openalex.org/W3088699017","https://openalex.org/W3152723633","https://openalex.org/W3170891692","https://openalex.org/W3183704396","https://openalex.org/W3198384297","https://openalex.org/W4237451640","https://openalex.org/W4254243680","https://openalex.org/W4309374901","https://openalex.org/W6640709003","https://openalex.org/W6745536415","https://openalex.org/W6767097521","https://openalex.org/W6782463348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093798919","https://openalex.org/W3101929529","https://openalex.org/W2907262898","https://openalex.org/W2393298610","https://openalex.org/W2050433615","https://openalex.org/W2784017372","https://openalex.org/W2034419863","https://openalex.org/W3022695109","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W2054202867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Two-factor":[0],"authentication":[1,53],"(TFA)":[2],"provides":[3],"an":[4,34,89],"additional":[5],"layer":[6],"of":[7,141],"protection":[8],"to":[9,29,124],"commonly-occurring":[10],"password":[11,68],"breaches.":[12],"However,":[13],"existing":[14],"TFA":[15,149],"methods,":[16],"often":[17],"involve":[18],"special":[19],"hardware":[20],"interfaces,":[21],"or":[22,167],"require":[23,160],"human":[24,77],"effort":[25,78],"which":[26],"is":[27,61,73,83,98],"prone":[28],"errors":[30],"and":[31,40,67,93,115,127,157],"acts":[32],"as":[33,120,164],"adoption":[35],"detractor":[36],"for":[37],"older":[38],"adults":[39],"novice":[41],"technology":[42],"users.":[43],"To":[44,101],"address":[45],"these":[46],"limitations,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"a":[50,94,121,132],"zero-interaction,":[51],"two-factor":[52],"(ZITA)":[54],"protocol.":[55],"In":[56],"ZITA,":[57],"the":[58,64,81,86,103,108,112,116,139],"first":[59],"factor":[60,72],"implemented":[62],"using":[63],"conventional":[65],"username":[66],"methods.":[69],"The":[70],"second":[71,104],"completed":[74],"without":[75],"any":[76],"provided":[79],"that":[80,136],"user":[82],"not":[84,159],"accessing":[85],"service":[87],"from":[88],"unregistered":[90],"public":[91],"device":[92,97,114,118],"designated":[95],"secondary":[96,117],"physically":[99],"co-present.":[100],"automate":[102],"factor,":[105],"ZITA":[106,130,151],"exploits":[107],"long-term":[109],"contact":[110],"between":[111],"login":[113],"such":[119,163],"smartphone.":[122],"Moreover,":[123],"thwart":[125],"man-in-the-middle":[126],"co-located":[128],"attacks,":[129],"incorporates":[131],"proximity":[133],"verification":[134],"test":[135],"relies":[137],"on":[138],"randomness":[140],"ambient":[142],"RF":[143],"signals.":[144],"Compared":[145],"with":[146],"other":[147],"zero-effort":[148],"protocols,":[150],"remains":[152],"secure":[153],"against":[154],"advanced":[155],"threats":[156],"does":[158],"out-of-band":[161],"sensors":[162],"microphones,":[165],"speakers,":[166],"photoplethysmography":[168],"(PPG)":[169],"sensors.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}