{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382658011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3290955","title":"MetaShard: A Novel Sharding Blockchain Platform for Metaverse Applications","display_name":"MetaShard: A Novel Sharding Blockchain Platform for Metaverse Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382658011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3290955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3290955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3290955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052969129","display_name":"Cong T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-4560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-4560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007992576","display_name":"Dinh Thai Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-0863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinh Thai Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-0863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100697893","display_name":"Diep N. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-8648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diep N. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-8648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003491752","display_name":"Yong Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-8758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-8758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pazhou Laboratory (Huangpu), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063537942","display_name":"Eryk Dutkiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-9286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eryk Dutkiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-9286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney,, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.6022,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98723181,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"4348","last_page":"4361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.925599992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.872840166091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8064054846763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6270849704742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5415009260177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4468671381473541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaverse","display_name":"Metaverse","score":0.42121490836143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23633769154548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10101759433746338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.872840166091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8064054846763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6270849704742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5415009260177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4468671381473541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53332860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632041","display_name":"Metaverse","level":3,"score":0.42121490836143494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23633769154548645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10101759433746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3290955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3290955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/171803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/171803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1479125570","display_name":"\u9762\u54116G\u7fa4\u4f53\u667a\u80fd\u8d44\u6e90\u5171\u4eab\u535a\u5f08\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049013466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCL2021A12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318558","funder_display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318558","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320967","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325256","display_name":"Info-communications Media Development Authority","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975442866","https://openalex.org/W2112963602","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2805690413","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2902723719","https://openalex.org/W2905867785","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2944812228","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W2971569867","https://openalex.org/W2981399413","https://openalex.org/W2994826096","https://openalex.org/W2998460075","https://openalex.org/W2998762116","https://openalex.org/W3026402304","https://openalex.org/W3091665258","https://openalex.org/W3098532907","https://openalex.org/W3118436442","https://openalex.org/W3128842152","https://openalex.org/W3138590935","https://openalex.org/W3174289473","https://openalex.org/W3204695975","https://openalex.org/W3206525235","https://openalex.org/W4214708002","https://openalex.org/W4226375322","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4293057993","https://openalex.org/W4294891500","https://openalex.org/W4295308663","https://openalex.org/W4295788720","https://openalex.org/W4303579425","https://openalex.org/W4309484364","https://openalex.org/W4310050096","https://openalex.org/W4313477550","https://openalex.org/W4313546943","https://openalex.org/W4318148165","https://openalex.org/W4387429013","https://openalex.org/W6802749020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471","https://openalex.org/W1982914007","https://openalex.org/W2159583675","https://openalex.org/W1852113167","https://openalex.org/W1493858311","https://openalex.org/W1824242903","https://openalex.org/W2155470929","https://openalex.org/W2394465510","https://openalex.org/W2111125783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,75,88,163,174],"its":[2],"security,":[3],"transparency,":[4],"and":[5,35,70,148],"flexibility":[6],"in":[7,140,178,193],"verifying":[8],"virtual":[9],"assets,":[10],"blockchain":[11,48],"has":[12],"been":[13],"identified":[14],"as":[15,30],"one":[16],"of":[17,79,152],"the":[18,77,90,95,101,113,116,128,134,150,155,164,185],"key":[19],"technologies":[20],"for":[21,52],"Metaverse.":[22],"Unfortunately,":[23],"blockchain-based":[24],"Metaverse":[25,53],"faces":[26],"serious":[27],"challenges":[28],"such":[29],"massive":[31],"resource":[32,72],"demands,":[33],"scalability,":[34],"security/privacy":[36],"concerns.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"these":[40],"issues,":[41],"this":[42],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"a":[45,108,132],"novel":[46],"sharding-based":[47],"framework,":[49],"namely":[50,63],"MetaShard,":[51,80],"applications.":[54],"Particularly,":[55],"we":[56,81,106],"first":[57],"develop":[58,107],"an":[59,83],"effective":[60],"consensus":[61],"mechanism,":[62],"Proof-of-Engagement,":[64],"that":[65,111,122],"can":[66,123,137,171,188],"incentivize":[67],"MUs'":[68],"data":[69],"computing":[71],"contribution.":[73],"Moreover,":[74,184],"improve":[76],"scalability":[78],"propose":[82],"innovative":[84],"sharding":[85],"management":[86],"scheme":[87],"maximize":[89],"network's":[91],"throughput":[92,177],"while":[93],"protecting":[94],"shards":[96],"from":[97,154],"51%":[98],"attacks.":[99],"Since":[100],"optimization":[102],"problem":[103,114],"is":[104],"NP-complete,":[105],"hybrid":[109],"approach":[110,136,170,187],"decomposes":[112],"(using":[115],"binary":[117],"search":[118],"method)":[119],"into":[120],"sub-problems":[121],"be":[124],"solved":[125],"effectively":[126],"by":[127],"Lagrangian":[129],"method.":[130],"As":[131],"result,":[133],"proposed":[135,169,186],"obtain":[138],"solutions":[139,192],"polynomial":[141],"time,":[142],"thereby":[143],"enabling":[144],"flexible":[145],"shard":[146],"reconfiguration":[147],"reducing":[149],"risk":[151],"corruption":[153],"adversary.":[156],"Extensive":[157],"numerical":[158],"experiments":[159],"show":[160],"that,":[161],"compared":[162],"state-of-the-art":[165],"commercial":[166],"solvers,":[167],"our":[168],"achieve":[172,189],"up":[173],"66.6%":[175],"higher":[176],"less":[179],"than":[180],"1/30":[181],"running":[182],"time.":[183],"global":[190],"optimal":[191],"most":[194],"experiments.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}