{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376851320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3276697","title":"Downlink Scheduler for Delay Guaranteed Services Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Downlink Scheduler for Delay Guaranteed Services Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376851320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3276697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3276697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3276697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051665415","display_name":"Jiequ Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0728-5662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiequ Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0728-5662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030966517","display_name":"Xiangyu Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-2938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-2938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061150224","display_name":"Lin Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1093-4865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1093-4865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000861569","display_name":"Kun Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-5583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-5583","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3937,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80837778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"3376","last_page":"3390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8268558979034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7475219964981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6452325582504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6302560567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.563508152961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5523058176040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4575904309749603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4473261535167694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-delay","display_name":"Transmission delay","score":0.4459609389305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.33893883228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.28573986887931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17349651455879211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1711699366569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1556541621685028}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8268558979034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7475219964981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6452325582504272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6302560567855835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.563508152961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5523058176040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4575904309749603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4473261535167694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108921912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834639","display_name":"Transmission delay","level":3,"score":0.4459609389305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.33893883228302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.28573986887931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17349651455879211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1711699366569519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1556541621685028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3276697","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3276697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1676630262","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fb9\u7f18\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u5f02\u6784\u65e0\u7ebf\u63a5\u5165\u7f51\u4e3b\u52a8\u5f0f\u6545\u969c\u8bca\u65ad\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314000","display_name":"Compute Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03ty8yr27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902317755","https://openalex.org/W1984181498","https://openalex.org/W1997135097","https://openalex.org/W2003346154","https://openalex.org/W2005947016","https://openalex.org/W2022485595","https://openalex.org/W2073478661","https://openalex.org/W2100152681","https://openalex.org/W2102482985","https://openalex.org/W2105177639","https://openalex.org/W2108327442","https://openalex.org/W2120344179","https://openalex.org/W2137152139","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2151125914","https://openalex.org/W2156006461","https://openalex.org/W2159494247","https://openalex.org/W2162732226","https://openalex.org/W2171423886","https://openalex.org/W2173655337","https://openalex.org/W2295325604","https://openalex.org/W2430218455","https://openalex.org/W2520674444","https://openalex.org/W2521918431","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2767722319","https://openalex.org/W2890483234","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2986870173","https://openalex.org/W3009895648","https://openalex.org/W3010495629","https://openalex.org/W3038366466","https://openalex.org/W3059280052","https://openalex.org/W3084868265","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3124190823","https://openalex.org/W3126805270","https://openalex.org/W3162695031","https://openalex.org/W3178463324","https://openalex.org/W3181048362","https://openalex.org/W4206497039","https://openalex.org/W4253990512","https://openalex.org/W4292864963","https://openalex.org/W4293258835","https://openalex.org/W4297972233","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6780982896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W3168977894","https://openalex.org/W2315999538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,83,231],"this":[1,84,136],"article,":[2],"we":[3,47,86,154],"propose":[4],"a":[5,49,54,66,88,144,161,173,184],"novel":[6],"scheduling":[7,60,195,235],"scheme":[8,236],"to":[9,93,114,134,150,183,191,250],"guarantee":[10],"per-packet":[11,110],"delay":[12,28,243,245],"in":[13,117,224,241],"single-hop":[14],"wireless":[15],"networks":[16],"for":[17,59,197],"delay-critical":[18],"applications.":[19],"We":[20,142,180],"consider":[21],"several":[22],"classes":[23],"of":[24,42,65,80,108,163,170,226],"packets":[25,32],"with":[26],"different":[27],"requirements,":[29],"where":[30],"high-class":[31],"yield":[33],"high":[34],"utility":[35],"after":[36],"successful":[37],"transmission.":[38],"Considering":[39],"the":[40,63,78,95,101,106,115,118,156,203,220],"correla-tionship":[41],"delays":[43],"among":[44],"competing":[45],"packets,":[46],"apply":[48],"delay-laxity":[50,79],"concept":[51],"and":[52,124,131,167,207,228,244],"introduce":[53],"new":[55],"output":[56,74,103],"gain":[57,75,104],"function":[58],"decisions.":[61],"Particularly,":[62],"selection":[64],"packet":[67,126],"takes":[68],"into":[69,160],"account":[70],"not":[71],"only":[72],"its":[73],"but":[76],"also":[77],"other":[81,251],"packets.":[82],"context,":[85],"formulate":[87],"multi-objective":[89],"optimization":[90,140,158,165],"problem":[91,137,159],"aiming":[92],"minimize":[94],"average":[96,102,242],"queue":[97],"length":[98],"while":[99],"maximizing":[100],"under":[105],"constraint":[107],"guaranteeing":[109],"delay.":[111],"However,":[112],"due":[113],"uncertainty":[116],"environment":[119],"(e.g.,":[120],"time-varying":[121],"channel":[122],"conditions":[123],"random":[125],"arrivals),":[127],"it":[128],"is":[129],"difficult":[130],"often":[132],"impractical":[133],"solve":[135,151],"using":[138],"traditional":[139],"techniques.":[141],"develop":[143],"deep":[145],"reinforcement":[146],"learning":[147,229],"(DRL)-based":[148],"framework":[149],"it.":[152],"Specifically,":[153],"decompose":[155],"original":[157],"set":[162],"scalar":[164],"subproblems":[166],"model":[168],"each":[169,198],"them":[171],"as":[172],"partially":[174],"observable":[175],"Markov":[176],"Decision":[177],"Process":[178],"(POMDP).":[179],"then":[181],"resort":[182],"Double":[185],"Deep":[186],"Q":[187],"Network":[188],"(DDQN)-based":[189],"algorithm":[190,218,223],"learn":[192],"an":[193],"optimal":[194],"policy":[196],"subproblem,":[199],"which":[200],"can":[201,237],"overcome":[202],"large-scale":[204],"state":[205],"space":[206],"reduce":[208],"Q-value":[209],"overestimation.":[210],"Simulation":[211],"results":[212],"show":[213],"that":[214],"our":[215,233],"proposed":[216,234],"DDQN-based":[217],"outperforms":[219],"conventional":[221],"Q-learning":[222],"terms":[225],"reward":[227],"speed.":[230],"addition,":[232],"achieve":[238],"significant":[239],"reductions":[240],"outage":[246],"drop":[247],"rate":[248],"compared":[249],"benchmark":[252],"schemes.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}