{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362690361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3265111","title":"PICO: Pipeline Inference Framework for Versatile CNNs on Diverse Mobile Devices","display_name":"PICO: Pipeline Inference Framework for Versatile CNNs on Diverse Mobile Devices","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362690361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3265111"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3265111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3265111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015150605","display_name":"Xiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-0270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-0270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088081535","display_name":"Zikang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6062-3484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zikang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6062-3484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406584","display_name":"Qi Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-4624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0829-4624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432460","display_name":"Jingyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-2228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-2228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008194128","display_name":"Haifeng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-7422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haifeng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3072-7422","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055685073","display_name":"Jianxin Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1486-0573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxin Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1486-0573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043464306","display_name":"Song Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-2202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-2202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4556,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81663282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2712","last_page":"2730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8143481016159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5563602447509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5492584109306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.51350337266922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.479418009519577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29654762148857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28180980682373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23520615696907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12586095929145813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8143481016159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5563602447509766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5492584109306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.51350337266922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.479418009519577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29654762148857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28180980682373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23520615696907043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12586095929145813}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2023.3265111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2023.3265111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-153648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-153648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3017900995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20200109142008673","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","funder_display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3591376991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4255581185","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u7f51\u8054\u81ea\u52a8\u9a7e\u9a76\u7684\u6682\u6001\u8fb9\u7f18\u8d44\u6e90\u534f\u4f5c\u673a\u7406\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8615917232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321470","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326705","display_name":"Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1972191802","https://openalex.org/W2018721058","https://openalex.org/W2047642894","https://openalex.org/W2066478781","https://openalex.org/W2153441708","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2612193523","https://openalex.org/W2892952080","https://openalex.org/W2896180420","https://openalex.org/W2920031528","https://openalex.org/W2928560789","https://openalex.org/W2947963429","https://openalex.org/W2949628230","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W2962677625","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964223234","https://openalex.org/W2969388332","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2983440318","https://openalex.org/W3005276590","https://openalex.org/W3034270904","https://openalex.org/W3100229168","https://openalex.org/W3110777925","https://openalex.org/W3130823781","https://openalex.org/W4221146321","https://openalex.org/W4230979166","https://openalex.org/W4236099117","https://openalex.org/W4249516033","https://openalex.org/W4283204791","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2048100608","https://openalex.org/W2090296580","https://openalex.org/W1576249345","https://openalex.org/W4243905374","https://openalex.org/W2785815065","https://openalex.org/W1796074903","https://openalex.org/W4245955065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distributing":[0],"the":[1,36,40,51,65,69,81,97,119,145,159],"inference":[2,21,70,98],"of":[3,42,53,99,121,131],"convolutional":[4],"neural":[5],"network":[6],"(CNN)":[7],"to":[8,18,27,30,80,95],"multiple":[9,46],"mobile":[10,104],"devices":[11,31,47],"has":[12],"been":[13],"studied":[14],"in":[15],"recent":[16],"years":[17],"achieve":[19],"real-time":[20],"without":[22],"losing":[23],"accuracy.":[24],"However,":[25],"how":[26],"map":[28],"CNN":[29,124],"remains":[32],"a":[33,91,112,129,139],"challenge.":[34],"On":[35,64],"one":[37],"hand,":[38,67],"scheduling":[39],"workload":[41,71],"state-of-the-art":[43],"CNNs":[44,54,101],"with":[45,134],"is":[48],"NP-Hard":[49],"because":[50],"structures":[52],"are":[55],"directed":[56],"acyclic":[57],"graphs":[58],"(DAG)":[59],"rather":[60],"than":[61],"simple":[62],"chains.":[63],"other":[66],"distributing":[68],"suffers":[72],"from":[73],"expensive":[74],"communication":[75],"and":[76,84,125,137],"unbalanced":[77],"computation":[78],"due":[79],"wireless":[82],"environment":[83],"heterogeneous":[85,150],"devices.":[86,105,151],"This":[87],"paper":[88],"presents":[89],"PICO,":[90],"pipeline":[92,147],"cooperation":[93],"framework":[94],"accelerate":[96],"versatile":[100],"on":[102],"diverse":[103],"At":[106],"its":[107],"core,":[108],"PICO":[109],"features:":[110],"(1)":[111],"generic":[113],"graph":[114],"partition":[115],"algorithm":[116,142],"that":[117,143],"considers":[118],"characteristics":[120],"any":[122],"given":[123],"orchestrates":[126],"it":[127],"into":[128],"list":[130],"model":[132],"pieces":[133],"suitable":[135],"granularity,":[136],"(2)":[138],"many-to-many":[140],"mapping":[141],"produces":[144],"best":[146],"configuration":[148],"for":[149],"In":[152],"our":[153],"experiment":[154],"with$2":[155],"\\sim":[156,165],"8$Raspberry-Pi":[157],"devices,":[158],"throughput":[160],"can":[161],"be":[162],"improved":[163],"by$1.8":[164],"6.8":[166],"\\times$under":[167],"different":[168],"CPU":[169],"frequencies.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2023-04-08T00:00:00"}