{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226455831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2022.3162631","title":"PD-FMCW: Push the Limit of Device-Free Acoustic Sensing Using Phase Difference in FMCW","display_name":"PD-FMCW: Push the Limit of Device-Free Acoustic Sensing Using Phase Difference in FMCW","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226455831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2022.3162631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2022.3162631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2022.3162631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101893791","display_name":"Haiming Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-4808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiming Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-4808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087959421","display_name":"Wei Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9784-5741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9784-5741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7951,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6922187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"8","first_page":"4865","last_page":"4880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6756465435028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5548709034919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.44421839714050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34630292654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2853206396102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.16930672526359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.12304401397705078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6756465435028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5548709034919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44421839714050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34630292654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2853206396102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.16930672526359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12304401397705078}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2022.3162631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2022.3162631","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322598","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534848476","https://openalex.org/W2010882865","https://openalex.org/W2015155523","https://openalex.org/W2017475793","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2069313697","https://openalex.org/W2070115070","https://openalex.org/W2081367122","https://openalex.org/W2095396347","https://openalex.org/W2102159398","https://openalex.org/W2109519180","https://openalex.org/W2139705460","https://openalex.org/W2156257723","https://openalex.org/W2394945029","https://openalex.org/W2395196452","https://openalex.org/W2469690627","https://openalex.org/W2473779510","https://openalex.org/W2508345357","https://openalex.org/W2525798395","https://openalex.org/W2525860450","https://openalex.org/W2526147983","https://openalex.org/W2624849939","https://openalex.org/W2625581252","https://openalex.org/W2755178687","https://openalex.org/W2761378666","https://openalex.org/W2764166175","https://openalex.org/W2783985400","https://openalex.org/W2789860971","https://openalex.org/W2791294817","https://openalex.org/W2793102850","https://openalex.org/W2793154602","https://openalex.org/W2794588549","https://openalex.org/W2795038031","https://openalex.org/W2810614229","https://openalex.org/W2824103177","https://openalex.org/W2832631560","https://openalex.org/W2838290523","https://openalex.org/W2890915954","https://openalex.org/W2895409865","https://openalex.org/W2897106987","https://openalex.org/W2898050070","https://openalex.org/W2911233953","https://openalex.org/W2914439234","https://openalex.org/W2918296736","https://openalex.org/W2919610866","https://openalex.org/W2935290040","https://openalex.org/W2953236873","https://openalex.org/W2963116355","https://openalex.org/W2971399876","https://openalex.org/W2972583435","https://openalex.org/W2972759272","https://openalex.org/W2982616431","https://openalex.org/W2982679740","https://openalex.org/W3010673682","https://openalex.org/W3033234289","https://openalex.org/W3035016613","https://openalex.org/W3039539347","https://openalex.org/W3047147270","https://openalex.org/W3083249871","https://openalex.org/W3083703874","https://openalex.org/W3086312460","https://openalex.org/W3110016773","https://openalex.org/W3115481010","https://openalex.org/W3117863277","https://openalex.org/W3144915432","https://openalex.org/W3149259391","https://openalex.org/W3151244818","https://openalex.org/W3156632615","https://openalex.org/W6631948186","https://openalex.org/W6676045232","https://openalex.org/W6711908866","https://openalex.org/W6728050117","https://openalex.org/W6740421392","https://openalex.org/W6747625512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2504004674","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2963177394","https://openalex.org/W4313359513","https://openalex.org/W2498744856","https://openalex.org/W4390482104","https://openalex.org/W322408318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Device-free":[0],"acoustic":[1],"sensing":[2,84,207],"has":[3],"obsessed":[4],"with":[5,121,146],"renovating":[6],"human-computer":[7],"interaction":[8,116],"techniques":[9],"for":[10,204],"all-sized":[11],"mobile":[12],"devices":[13],"in":[14,23,55,151,175,192],"various":[15],"applications.":[16,56],"Recent":[17],"advances":[18],"have":[19],"explored":[20],"sound":[21],"signals":[22],"different":[24],"methods":[25,149],"to":[26,51,85,103,115,134],"achieve":[27],"highly":[28],"accurate":[29],"and":[30,33,47,53,139,172,181],"efficient":[31],"tracking":[32,74,183],"recognition.":[34],"However,":[35],"accuracies":[36,166],"of":[37,82,118,127,137,167],"most":[38],"approaches":[39],"remain":[40],"bottlenecked":[41],"by":[42],"the":[43,60,80,99,105,135,152,202],"limited":[44],"sampling":[45],"rate":[46],"narrow":[48],"bandwidth,":[49],"leading":[50],"restrictions":[52],"inconvenience":[54],"To":[57],"bridge":[58],"over":[59],"aforementioned":[61],"daunting":[62],"barriers,":[63],"we":[64],"propose":[65],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[66,128,162,186],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${{\\sf":[67,129,163,187],"PD-FMCW}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[68,130,164,188],",":[69],"a":[70,144],"novel":[71],"ultrasound-based":[72],"device-free":[73],"scheme":[75],"that":[76,161],"can":[77],"distinctly":[78],"improve":[79],"resolution":[81,126],"fine-grained":[83],"submillimetre":[86],"level.":[87],"In":[88],"its":[89],"heart":[90],"lies":[91],"an":[92],"original":[93],"Phase":[94],"Difference":[95],"based":[96],"approach":[97],"leveraging":[98],"Frequency-Modulated":[100],"Continuous":[101],"Wave":[102],"derive":[104],"reflected":[106],"time":[107,153],"delay,":[108],"thus":[109],"precisely":[110],"inferring":[111],"absolute":[112],"distance,":[113],"catering":[114],"needs":[117],"tinier":[119,198],"perception":[120],"lower":[122],"delay.":[123],"The":[124,157],"distance":[125,176],"is":[131,189],"only":[132],"related":[133],"speed":[136],"actions":[138],"chirp":[140],"duration.":[141],"We":[142],"implement":[143],"prototype":[145],"effective":[147],"denoising":[148],"all":[150],"domain":[154],"on":[155],"smartphones.":[156],"evaluation":[158],"results":[159],"show":[160],"achieves":[165],"2.5":[168],"mm,":[169,171],"3.6":[170],"2.1":[173],"mm":[174,195],"change,":[177,180],"path":[178],"length":[179],"trajectory":[182],"error":[184],"respectively.":[185],"also":[190],"valid":[191],"recognizing":[193],"2":[194],"or":[196],"even":[197],"micro-movements,":[199],"which":[200],"paves":[201],"way":[203],"more":[205],"delicate":[206],"work.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}