{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205128983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3134654","title":"Beyond Legitimacy, Also With Identity: Your Smart Earphones Know Who You Are Quietly","display_name":"Beyond Legitimacy, Also With Identity: Your Smart Earphones Know Who You Are Quietly","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205128983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3134654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3134654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3134654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025486492","display_name":"Yongpan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4314-6259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongpan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4314-6259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030828130","display_name":"Haibo Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1333-8006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001188748","display_name":"Kaishun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-0737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaishun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-0737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025486492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91499115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"3179","last_page":"3192"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9776999950408936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.6683177351951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6242197155952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6032938361167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legitimacy","display_name":"Legitimacy","score":0.5825358033180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5368863344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aesthetics","display_name":"Aesthetics","score":0.24616330862045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.16078919172286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.15280026197433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.11440873146057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.06919613480567932}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.6683177351951599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6242197155952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6032938361167908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.5825358033180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5368863344192505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.24616330862045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.16078919172286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.15280026197433472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.11440873146057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.06919613480567932}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3134654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3134654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1366773193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019ZT08X603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1660212864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021ZDZX1068","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8367620703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019KCXTD005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334009","display_name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554675373","https://openalex.org/W1580980576","https://openalex.org/W1604275567","https://openalex.org/W1970405634","https://openalex.org/W1970727126","https://openalex.org/W1974821667","https://openalex.org/W1976081290","https://openalex.org/W1978628828","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2004617923","https://openalex.org/W2006976778","https://openalex.org/W2017658349","https://openalex.org/W2046879541","https://openalex.org/W2055389916","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2086077095","https://openalex.org/W2102950522","https://openalex.org/W2115200817","https://openalex.org/W2119308020","https://openalex.org/W2125277152","https://openalex.org/W2126890968","https://openalex.org/W2129120544","https://openalex.org/W2133470485","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2144756000","https://openalex.org/W2148898778","https://openalex.org/W2171759622","https://openalex.org/W2487484013","https://openalex.org/W2525723775","https://openalex.org/W2548326739","https://openalex.org/W2572596195","https://openalex.org/W2603044798","https://openalex.org/W2610433660","https://openalex.org/W2625969058","https://openalex.org/W2724757864","https://openalex.org/W2763356149","https://openalex.org/W2766717877","https://openalex.org/W2844688721","https://openalex.org/W2890276013","https://openalex.org/W2890300891","https://openalex.org/W2891344401","https://openalex.org/W2902837366","https://openalex.org/W2903181773","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2964844492","https://openalex.org/W2972011662","https://openalex.org/W2972759272","https://openalex.org/W2974269034","https://openalex.org/W2978360652","https://openalex.org/W2979514732","https://openalex.org/W3021574417","https://openalex.org/W3091794189","https://openalex.org/W3168108422","https://openalex.org/W4230579564","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6643979851","https://openalex.org/W6678494552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2796452908","https://openalex.org/W2804734454","https://openalex.org/W4206588215","https://openalex.org/W2376700875","https://openalex.org/W3174083885","https://openalex.org/W2968672613","https://openalex.org/W2325407422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"User":[0],"authentication":[1,103,173],"and":[2,14,58,77,104,124,144,174],"identification":[3,105],"on":[4,80],"smart":[5,23],"devices":[6],"has":[7],"great":[8],"significance":[9],"in":[10,83],"keeping":[11],"data":[12,141],"privacy":[13,42],"recommending":[15],"personalized":[16],"services.":[17],"With":[18,132],"the":[19,45],"rising":[20],"popularity":[21],"of":[22,70,111,168,180],"earphones":[24,99],"recently,":[25],"they":[26,67],"open":[27],"up":[28],"a":[29,88,112,128,137,162,175],"new":[30],"world":[31],"for":[32,171,183],"users":[33],"to":[34,63,72,115],"enjoy":[35],"music":[36],"individually,":[37],"but":[38],"also":[39],"bring":[40],"about":[41],"concerns":[43],"at":[44,106],"same":[46],"time.":[47],"Existing":[48],"few":[49],"research":[50],"works":[51],"propose":[52,87],"positive":[53],"sensing":[54,90],"systems":[55],"that":[56,156],"emit":[57],"receive":[59],"inaudible":[60],"acoustic":[61],"signals":[62],"authenticate":[64],"users.":[65],"However,":[66],"share":[68],"shortcomings":[69],"intrusiveness":[71],"users,":[73],"high":[74,176],"power":[75],"consumption,":[76],"purely":[78],"focusing":[79],"authentication.":[81],"Instead,":[82],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,135],"passive":[89],"system":[91],"called":[92],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[93,157,169,177,181],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${{\\sf":[94,158],"EarID}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[95,159],"with":[96,146],"low-cost":[97],"customized":[98],"which":[100],"attains":[101],"user":[102,172,185],"once.":[107],"It":[108],"makes":[109],"use":[110],"embedded":[113],"microphone":[114],"sense":[116],"body":[117],"sounds":[118],"spread":[119],"out":[120],"through":[121],"ear":[122],"canals":[123],"extract":[125],"\u2018fingerprints\u2019":[126],"as":[127],"novel":[129],"biometric":[130],"feature.":[131],"self-designed":[133],"earphones,":[134],"design":[136],"deep":[138],"learning-based":[139],"real-time":[140],"processing":[142],"pipeline":[143],"cope":[145],"external":[147],"interference.":[148],"Extensive":[149],"experiments":[150],"under":[151],"different":[152],"real-world":[153],"settings":[154],"show":[155],"can":[160],"achieve":[161],"rather":[163],"low":[164],"false":[165],"acceptance":[166],"rate":[167],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$3.4\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[170],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$F1$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[178],"score":[179],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$95.5\\%$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[182],"legitimate":[184],"identification.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
