{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196745188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3109940","title":"Binarized neural network for edge intelligence of sensor-based human activity recognition","display_name":"Binarized neural network for edge intelligence of sensor-based human activity recognition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196745188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3109940","mag":"3196745188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3109940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3109940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083232291","display_name":"Fei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9760-1520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China, (e-mail: luofei2018@outlook.com)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China, (e-mail: luofei2018@outlook.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030019669","display_name":"Salabat Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1470-0529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salabat Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, (e-mail: salabatwazir@gmail.com)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, (e-mail: salabatwazir@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074999536","display_name":"Yandao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7547-3038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yandao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518060 (e-mail: 2016040084@email.szu.edu.cn)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518060 (e-mail: 2016040084@email.szu.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001188748","display_name":"Kaishun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-0737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaishun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, (e-mail: wu@szu.edu.cn)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, 47890 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, (e-mail: wu@szu.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083232291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3642,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95653507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8440747261047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.7330793142318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.7246372103691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.6545931100845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6056486964225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.5922698378562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5250382423400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5217772126197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45989421010017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.45637333393096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.44508644938468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.43385636806488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.412592351436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4008015990257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3612523078918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2434205710887909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.12865176796913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09498977661132812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8440747261047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.7330793142318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.7246372103691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.6545931100845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6056486964225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.5922698378562927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5250382423400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5217772126197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45989421010017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.45637333393096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.44508644938468933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.43385636806488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.412592351436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4008015990257263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3612523078918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2434205710887909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12865176796913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09498977661132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3109940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3109940","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W648098667","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2004116353","https://openalex.org/W2031751002","https://openalex.org/W2054780155","https://openalex.org/W2059732136","https://openalex.org/W2073401630","https://openalex.org/W2095396347","https://openalex.org/W2103138788","https://openalex.org/W2158449659","https://openalex.org/W2245189809","https://openalex.org/W2262806837","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2320625002","https://openalex.org/W2344637340","https://openalex.org/W2392395307","https://openalex.org/W2519457600","https://openalex.org/W2555209581","https://openalex.org/W2579984156","https://openalex.org/W2736191430","https://openalex.org/W2748923651","https://openalex.org/W2759690896","https://openalex.org/W2783758433","https://openalex.org/W2883075544","https://openalex.org/W2886649975","https://openalex.org/W2887447938","https://openalex.org/W2891510587","https://openalex.org/W2892060055","https://openalex.org/W2899338413","https://openalex.org/W2904826931","https://openalex.org/W2908273910","https://openalex.org/W2911053187","https://openalex.org/W2946093721","https://openalex.org/W2947403743","https://openalex.org/W2947898397","https://openalex.org/W2948703571","https://openalex.org/W2950865323","https://openalex.org/W2951829782","https://openalex.org/W2952304713","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963681088","https://openalex.org/W2963993350","https://openalex.org/W2971544482","https://openalex.org/W2971749111","https://openalex.org/W2982656930","https://openalex.org/W2991617608","https://openalex.org/W3000556572","https://openalex.org/W3004543888","https://openalex.org/W3008515144","https://openalex.org/W3009411039","https://openalex.org/W3014402465","https://openalex.org/W3034297393","https://openalex.org/W3093389651","https://openalex.org/W3102652454","https://openalex.org/W3103757520","https://openalex.org/W3105886168","https://openalex.org/W3150509498","https://openalex.org/W4234623921","https://openalex.org/W4251033893","https://openalex.org/W4254419844","https://openalex.org/W4287773774","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6764383489","https://openalex.org/W6772803787","https://openalex.org/W6778517681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006227554","https://openalex.org/W3211931762","https://openalex.org/W2942586735","https://openalex.org/W4225757241","https://openalex.org/W3009018976","https://openalex.org/W4287076991","https://openalex.org/W3184768109","https://openalex.org/W2949866693","https://openalex.org/W4281678247","https://openalex.org/W4213343903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"wide":[1],"diversity":[2],"of":[3,17,34,106,193],"sensors":[4,13,28],"has":[5,42],"been":[6],"applied":[7,147],"in":[8,100,177],"human":[9,20,39,139,153],"activity":[10,21,40,140,154],"recognition.":[11],"These":[12],"generate":[14],"enormous":[15],"amounts":[16],"data":[18,25,62],"during":[19],"monitoring.":[22],"The":[23],"long-distance":[24],"traveling":[26],"between":[27],"and":[29,36,61,86,137,157,171,179,183],"servers":[30,77],"increases":[31],"the":[32,66,104,118,143,148,165,168,189,194],"costs":[33],"bandwidth":[35],"latency.":[37,102],"However,":[38],"recognition":[41,141,155],"a":[43,73,129],"high":[44,101],"demand":[45],"for":[46,81,121],"real-time":[47,122],"processing.":[48],"Recently,":[49],"edge":[50,111,120],"computing":[51],"is":[52],"surging":[53],"to":[54,65,134,188],"solve":[55],"this":[56,125],"problem":[57],"by":[58],"moving":[59],"computation":[60],"storage":[63],"closer":[64],"sensor":[67],"devices,":[68],"rather":[69],"than":[70],"relying":[71],"on":[72,150],"central":[74],"server/cloud.":[75],"Edge":[76],"are":[78],"usually":[79],"designed":[80],"low":[82,84,87],"power,":[83],"cost,":[85],"computation.":[88],"They":[89],"do":[90],"not":[91],"support":[92],"computation-intensive":[93],"deep":[94],"learning":[95],"algorithms":[96],"or":[97],"will":[98],"result":[99],"Fortunately,":[103],"development":[105],"binarized":[107,130,174],"neural":[108,131,175],"networks":[109,176],"enables":[110],"intelligence":[112],"which":[113],"supports":[114],"AI":[115],"running":[116],"at":[117,142],"network":[119,132,144],"applications.":[123],"In":[124,163],"paper,":[126],"we":[127],"implement":[128],"(BinaryDilatedDenseNet)":[133],"enable":[135],"low-latency":[136],"low-memory":[138],"edge.":[145],"We":[146],"BinaryDilatedDenseNet":[149,166],"three":[151,173],"sensor-based":[152],"datasets":[156],"evaluated":[158],"it":[159],"with":[160],"four":[161],"metrics.":[162],"comparison,":[164],"outperforms":[167],"related":[169],"work":[170],"other":[172],"accuracy":[178],"saves":[180],"10":[181],"memory":[182],"4.5--8":[184],"inference":[185],"time":[186],"compared":[187],"FPDilatedDenseNet(the":[190],"full-precision":[191],"version":[192],"BinaryDilatedDenseNet).":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}