{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174649129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3092209","title":"No Seeing is Also Believing: Electromagnetic-Emission-Based Application Guessing Attacks via Smartphones","display_name":"No Seeing is Also Believing: Electromagnetic-Emission-Based Application Guessing Attacks via Smartphones","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174649129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3092209","mag":"3174649129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3092209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3092209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017116027","display_name":"Xiaoyu Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-0007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-0007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063893376","display_name":"Yushi Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0888-2322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushi Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0888-2322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060351020","display_name":"Wenyuan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-9148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyuan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007737471","display_name":"Yuehan Chi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuehan Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740620","display_name":"Hao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-0107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-0107","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079428801","display_name":"Zhuangdi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7418-731X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuangdi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033555836","display_name":"Chuang-Wen You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6948-4213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuang-Wen You","raw_affiliation_strings":["NTU IoX Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NTU IoX Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009913466","display_name":"Yi\u2010Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-4953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-4953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032760128","display_name":"Lili Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1590-9749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90829685,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"1095","last_page":"1109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.8420008420944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7156266570091248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.5467896461486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5249614715576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.48651665449142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.45522934198379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4413539171218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.37044891715049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3117537796497345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.27477458119392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.19964253902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1975507140159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12780806422233582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.8420008420944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7156266570091248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.5467896461486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5249614715576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.48651665449142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.45522934198379517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4413539171218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.37044891715049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3117537796497345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.27477458119392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.19964253902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1975507140159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12780806422233582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3092209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3092209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110155494","https://openalex.org/W653593176","https://openalex.org/W1521422460","https://openalex.org/W1546509353","https://openalex.org/W1947877101","https://openalex.org/W1971044260","https://openalex.org/W1973132608","https://openalex.org/W1980592899","https://openalex.org/W1987710423","https://openalex.org/W1989417520","https://openalex.org/W2013716714","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2107146394","https://openalex.org/W2107816859","https://openalex.org/W2144219822","https://openalex.org/W2149359921","https://openalex.org/W2156447271","https://openalex.org/W2161708246","https://openalex.org/W2208250432","https://openalex.org/W2295760285","https://openalex.org/W2476401816","https://openalex.org/W2574536453","https://openalex.org/W2782918258","https://openalex.org/W2888100578","https://openalex.org/W2957423437","https://openalex.org/W2985766404","https://openalex.org/W2990598036","https://openalex.org/W3023496898","https://openalex.org/W3083775947","https://openalex.org/W3143654744","https://openalex.org/W4214926090","https://openalex.org/W4288309108","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6697491314","https://openalex.org/W6713182605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045444909","https://openalex.org/W4249908574","https://openalex.org/W1563106474","https://openalex.org/W2157102353","https://openalex.org/W1991580985","https://openalex.org/W2004238918","https://openalex.org/W1987800707","https://openalex.org/W2086276201","https://openalex.org/W2115154651","https://openalex.org/W2542159257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"devices":[1],"have":[2,14,26],"emerged":[3],"as":[4],"the":[5,43,71,104,114,120,137,142,147,227,244],"most":[6],"popular":[7,191],"platforms":[8],"to":[9,30,78,103,136,164],"access":[10],"information.":[11],"However,":[12],"they":[13],"also":[15],"become":[16],"a":[17,48,55,61,76],"major":[18],"concern":[19],"of":[20,47,75,91,107,139,146,218,226,236,251],"privacy":[21,33],"violation":[22],"and":[23,85,118,141,158,177,185,196,221,239],"previous":[24],"researches":[25],"demonstrated":[27],"various":[28],"approaches":[29],"infer":[31],"user":[32,80],"based":[34],"on":[35,113,173],"mobile":[36,58,152],"devices.":[37,153],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"study":[42],"electromagnetic":[44,72],"(EM)":[45],"emission":[46],"laptop":[49,77],"that":[50,96,130,205],"could":[51],"be":[52,111],"harvested":[53],"by":[54],"commercial-off-the-shelf":[56],"(COTS)":[57],"device,":[59],"e.g.,":[60],"smartphone.":[62],"We":[63,154,168],"propose":[64],"<monospace":[65,92,124,170,206],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[66,93,125,171,207],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">MagAttack</monospace>":[67,94,126,172,208],",":[68],"which":[69,109,223,241],"exploits":[70],"side":[73],"channel":[74],"guess":[79],"activities,":[81],"i.e.,":[82],"application":[83,86],"launching":[84],"operation.":[87],"The":[88,202],"key":[89],"insight":[90],"is":[95,127],"applications":[97,140,213],"are":[98,133],"discrepant":[99],"in":[100,150,200],"essence":[101],"due":[102,135],"different":[105],"compositions":[106],"instructions,":[108],"can":[110,209],"reflected":[112],"CPU":[115],"power":[116],"consumption,":[117],"thus":[119],"corresponding":[121],"EM":[122,131,162],"emissions.":[123],"challenging":[128],"since":[129],"signals":[132,163],"noisy":[134,160],"dynamics":[138],"limited":[143],"sampling":[144],"rate":[145],"built-in":[148],"magnetometers":[149],"COTS":[151],"overcome":[155],"these":[156],"challenges":[157],"convert":[159],"coarse-grained":[161],"robust":[165],"fine-grained":[166],"features.":[167],"implement":[169],"both":[174],"an":[175,178,215,233,248],"iOS":[176],"Android":[179],"smartphone":[180],"without":[181],"any":[182],"hardware":[183],"modification,":[184],"evaluate":[186],"its":[187],"performance":[188],"with":[189,214,232,247],"30":[190,193,212,228],"applications,":[192],"YouTube":[194],"videos,":[195],"50":[197,245],"top":[198],"websites":[199],"China.":[201],"results":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"recognize":[210],"aforementioned":[211],"average":[216,234,249],"accuracy":[217,235,250],"98.6":[219],"percent,":[220],"identify":[222],"video":[224],"out":[225],"candidates":[229,246],"being":[230],"played":[231],"97.5":[237],"percent":[238],"visiting":[240],"website":[242],"among":[243],"90.4":[252],"percent.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
