{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3155725449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3073005","title":"BLS-Location: A Wireless Fingerprint Localization Algorithm Based on Broad Learning","display_name":"BLS-Location: A Wireless Fingerprint Localization Algorithm Based on Broad Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3155725449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3073005","mag":"3155725449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3073005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3073005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008168475","display_name":"Xiaoqiang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-9547"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqiang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7294-9547","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037428599","display_name":"Tie Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2523"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tie Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041346888","display_name":"Wenyu Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-5187"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-5187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083871473","display_name":"Xiaobo Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-458X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7772-458X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Networking, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084074039","display_name":"Mohammed Atiquzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Atiquzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9440-7669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001469325","display_name":"Dapeng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-0183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dapeng Oliver Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-0183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96685854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"115","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8352857828140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.6643638014793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5662310123443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5196977257728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.4942357838153839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.4647843837738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4555152952671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45221248269081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3738550543785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3609904646873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35785412788391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3239688277244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11376708745956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0856454074382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.07915648818016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0758131742477417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8352857828140259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6643638014793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5662310123443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5196977257728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4942357838153839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.4647843837738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4555152952671051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45221248269081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3738550543785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3609904646873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35785412788391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3239688277244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11376708745956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0856454074382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.07915648818016052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0758131742477417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3073005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2021.3073005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2011158995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2001204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G523267021","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u667a\u80fd\u7f51\u8054\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u7aef\u8fb9\u534f\u4f5c\u611f\u77e5\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585879837","https://openalex.org/W2015529002","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2607176470","https://openalex.org/W2738226240","https://openalex.org/W2764026391","https://openalex.org/W2769149396","https://openalex.org/W2774472083","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2802859563","https://openalex.org/W2805592233","https://openalex.org/W2889917776","https://openalex.org/W2890559713","https://openalex.org/W2891224819","https://openalex.org/W2891483902","https://openalex.org/W2900194949","https://openalex.org/W2902753276","https://openalex.org/W2922887640","https://openalex.org/W2925947534","https://openalex.org/W2945828882","https://openalex.org/W2951415009","https://openalex.org/W2953529749","https://openalex.org/W2954371167","https://openalex.org/W2955338161","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2978452809","https://openalex.org/W2980912481","https://openalex.org/W2991563293","https://openalex.org/W2998892442","https://openalex.org/W2999209556","https://openalex.org/W3009570630","https://openalex.org/W3023686478","https://openalex.org/W3047491762","https://openalex.org/W3047541574","https://openalex.org/W3106393161","https://openalex.org/W6635170509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4290792893","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W2389470892","https://openalex.org/W2997969508","https://openalex.org/W4309838615","https://openalex.org/W4293863368","https://openalex.org/W1997472478","https://openalex.org/W2154287965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,37,45,52,84,99,103,107,117,128,136,141,153,160,172],"rapid":[2],"growth":[3],"in":[4,10,44,189],"demand":[6],"for":[7,113],"location-based":[8],"services":[9],"indoor":[11,62,192],"environments,":[12],"wireless":[13,63],"fingerprint":[14,46,64],"localization":[15,65,96,143],"has":[16],"attracted":[17],"increasing":[18],"attention":[19],"because":[20],"of":[21,39,156],"its":[22],"high":[23,177],"precision":[24],"and":[25,48,93,106,115,134,185],"easy":[26],"implementation.":[27],"However,":[28],"an":[29,89,94],"effective":[30],"method":[31,150],"does":[32],"not":[33],"exist":[34],"owing":[35],"to":[36,82,126,131,158,180],"problems":[38],"data":[40,130],"loss,":[41],"noise":[42],"interference":[43],"database,":[47],"being":[49],"time-consuming":[50],"during":[51],"offline":[53,90,100],"training":[54,91,101,173],"phase.":[55,97],"Therefore,":[56],"this":[57],"paper":[58],"presents":[59],"a":[60,71,147,176],"novel":[61,148],"algorithm,":[66],"termed":[67],"BLS-Location,":[68],"based":[69,151],"on":[70,152],"broad":[72],"learning":[73,183],"system":[74],"(BLS)":[75],"that":[76,167],"utilizes":[77],"channel":[78],"state":[79],"information":[80],"(CSI)":[81],"overcome":[83],"aforementioned":[85],"problems.":[86],"It":[87],"includes":[88],"phase":[92],"online":[95,142],"In":[98,140],"phase,":[102,144],"Kalman":[104],"filter":[105],"expectation-maximization":[108],"(EM)":[109],"algorithm":[110],"are":[111],"utilized":[112],"completing":[114],"denoising":[116],"data.":[118],"Moreover,":[119],"principal":[120],"component":[121],"analysis":[122],"(PCA)":[123],"is":[124],"used":[125],"reconstruct":[127],"CSI":[129],"reduce":[132,171],"complexity":[133],"train":[135],"weights":[137],"by":[138],"BLS.":[139],"we":[145],"employ":[146],"probabilistic":[149],"regression":[154],"results":[155,165],"BLS":[157],"obtain":[159],"estimated":[161],"location.":[162],"The":[163],"experimental":[164],"show":[166],"BLS-Location":[168],"can":[169],"significantly":[170],"time":[174],"with":[175],"accuracy,":[178],"compared":[179],"several":[181],"machine":[182],"algorithms":[184],"four":[186],"existing":[187],"methods":[188],"two":[190],"representative":[191],"environments.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}