{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008038029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2020.2974941","title":"A Usable and Robust Continuous Authentication Framework Using Wearables","display_name":"A Usable and Robust Continuous Authentication Framework Using Wearables","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008038029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2020.2974941","mag":"3008038029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2020.2974941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2020.2974941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027087892","display_name":"Abbas Acar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-160X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Acar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab (CSL), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-160X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab (CSL), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022717159","display_name":"Hidayet Aksu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hidayet Aksu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab (CSL), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-2522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab (CSL), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019145852","display_name":"A. Selcuk Uluagac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Selcuk Uluagac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab (CSL), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-3464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber-Physical Systems Security Lab (CSL), Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078029373","display_name":"Kemal Akkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-4545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kemal Akkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Wireless and Security (Adwise) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7103-4545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Wireless and Security (Adwise) Lab, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96415226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"2140","last_page":"2153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8944405317306519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/login","display_name":"Login","score":0.7086723446846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.7066494822502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.6640294790267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5996360182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5896584391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5336376428604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smartwatch","display_name":"Smartwatch","score":0.5009651184082031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4628908038139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45526623725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3616531491279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2956847548484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1489124298095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12425270676612854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8944405317306519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113324615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472302","display_name":"Login","level":2,"score":0.7086723446846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.7066494822502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.6640294790267944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5996360182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5896584391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5336376428604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29794715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5362345","display_name":"Smartwatch","level":3,"score":0.5009651184082031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4628908038139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45526623725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3616531491279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2956847548484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1489124298095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12425270676612854}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2020.2974941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2020.2974941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1496120413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CNS-1718116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5871006460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-CAREER-CNS-1453647","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385227","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1483327747","https://openalex.org/W1567882718","https://openalex.org/W1576749284","https://openalex.org/W1603818123","https://openalex.org/W1977177161","https://openalex.org/W1989000482","https://openalex.org/W2009829087","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2037840628","https://openalex.org/W2045011071","https://openalex.org/W2045530696","https://openalex.org/W2052279280","https://openalex.org/W2056470096","https://openalex.org/W2064884999","https://openalex.org/W2069446061","https://openalex.org/W2079024329","https://openalex.org/W2082629283","https://openalex.org/W2083358597","https://openalex.org/W2090465075","https://openalex.org/W2094214226","https://openalex.org/W2094313385","https://openalex.org/W2099468260","https://openalex.org/W2106198479","https://openalex.org/W2107589078","https://openalex.org/W2107816859","https://openalex.org/W2113447231","https://openalex.org/W2127184807","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2143140643","https://openalex.org/W2159726283","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2293086481","https://openalex.org/W2293257959","https://openalex.org/W2294170611","https://openalex.org/W2471556897","https://openalex.org/W2530662063","https://openalex.org/W2531157766","https://openalex.org/W2535970271","https://openalex.org/W2542959831","https://openalex.org/W2550115329","https://openalex.org/W2575585029","https://openalex.org/W2602531037","https://openalex.org/W2725542552","https://openalex.org/W2748039456","https://openalex.org/W2777559251","https://openalex.org/W2784240179","https://openalex.org/W2790757012","https://openalex.org/W2792093046","https://openalex.org/W2963457986","https://openalex.org/W3103224673","https://openalex.org/W3142289967","https://openalex.org/W4234767541","https://openalex.org/W4237451640","https://openalex.org/W4248448684","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600084908","https://openalex.org/W6633695146","https://openalex.org/W6683755363","https://openalex.org/W6697491314","https://openalex.org/W6728756172","https://openalex.org/W6729080763","https://openalex.org/W6740133913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235505747","https://openalex.org/W2509150193","https://openalex.org/W4285587629","https://openalex.org/W2756171776","https://openalex.org/W2146270836","https://openalex.org/W2765158217","https://openalex.org/W2971637278","https://openalex.org/W2993132146","https://openalex.org/W3047531582","https://openalex.org/W2599755607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One-time":[0],"login":[1,33,41],"process":[2],"in":[3,38],"conventional":[4],"authentication":[5,96,244],"systems":[6],"does":[7],"not":[8,69,72],"guarantee":[9],"that":[10,139,171,230],"the":[11,15,19,27,47,52,55,90,95,101,110,123,127,140,144,151,239,242],"identified":[12],"user":[13,17,28,48,111,130,142,145],"is":[14,23,36,98,112,117,143,173,179,200,204],"actual":[16],"throughout":[18,31],"session.":[20],"However,":[21,61],"it":[22],"necessary":[24],"to":[25],"re-verify":[26],"identity":[29,49],"periodically":[30,118],"a":[32,79,105],"session,":[34,56],"which":[35,45,87],"lacking":[37],"existing":[39,62],"one-time":[40],"systems.":[42],"Continuous":[43,65,84],"authentication,":[44],"re-verifies":[46],"without":[50],"breaking":[51],"continuity":[53],"of":[54,104,126,168,188,206,241],"can":[57],"address":[58],"this":[59,75,231],"issue.":[60],"methods":[63],"for":[64,194,238],"Authentication":[66,85],"are":[67],"either":[68],"reliable":[70,82],"or":[71],"usable.":[73],"In":[74],"paper,":[76],"we":[77],"introduce":[78],"usable":[80,243],"and":[81,94,119,154,175,191,216,225,235],"Wearable-Assisted":[83],"(WACA),":[86],"relies":[88],"on":[89,159],"sensor-based":[91],"keystroke":[92],"dynamics":[93],"data":[97,116],"acquired":[99,115],"through":[100],"built-in":[102],"sensors":[103],"wearable":[106],"(e.g.,":[107],"smartwatch)":[108],"while":[109],"typing.":[113],"The":[114,165,197],"transparently":[120],"compared":[121],"with":[122,131,162,185,210],"registered":[124],"profile":[125],"initially":[128],"logged-in":[129,147],"one-way":[132],"classifiers.":[133],"With":[134],"this,":[135],"WACA":[136,152,169,172,203],"continuously":[137],"ensures":[138],"current":[141],"who":[146],"initially.":[148],"We":[149,228],"implemented":[150],"framework":[153],"evaluated":[155],"its":[156,176],"performance":[157],"extensively":[158],"real":[160,163],"devices":[161],"users.":[164],"empirical":[166],"evaluation":[167],"reveals":[170],"feasible,":[174],"error":[177],"rate":[178],"as":[180,182,223],"low":[181],"1":[183],"percent":[184,193],"30":[186],"seconds":[187],"processing":[189],"time":[190],"2-3":[192],"20":[195],"seconds.":[196],"computational":[198],"overhead":[199],"minimal.":[201],"Furthermore,":[202],"capable":[205],"identifying":[207],"insider":[208],"threats":[209],"very":[211],"high":[212],"accuracy":[213],"(99.2":[214],"percent)":[215],"also":[217],"robust":[218],"against":[219],"powerful":[220],"adversaries":[221],"such":[222],"imitation":[224],"statistical":[226],"attackers.":[227],"believe":[229],"work":[232],"has":[233],"practical":[234],"far-reaching":[236],"implications":[237],"future":[240],"field.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
