{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2974097864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2019.2941492","title":"Distributed Deep Learning Optimized System over the Cloud and Smart Phone Devices","display_name":"Distributed Deep Learning Optimized System over the Cloud and Smart Phone Devices","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2974097864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2019.2941492","mag":"2974097864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2019.2941492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2019.2941492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075618349","display_name":"Haotian Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-7689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042368456","display_name":"James Starkman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4533-6697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Starkman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043214747","display_name":"Yu\u2010Ju Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6514-9920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Ju Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444129","display_name":"Huan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-9441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076677679","display_name":"Xiaoye Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7543-4696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoye Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020169895","display_name":"Ming-Chun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2269-4694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Chun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075618349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92771335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"147","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8514894843101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7228425741195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6774473190307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6028696894645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.5307082533836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5244370102882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.501262903213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.4656691551208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.4238553047180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4222063422203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39443716406822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33339959383010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3318406343460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2769295573234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2741137742996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.145213782787323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8514894843101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7228425741195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6774473190307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6028696894645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.5307082533836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5244370102882385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.501262903213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.4656691551208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.4238553047180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4222063422203064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39443716406822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33339959383010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3318406343460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2769295573234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2741137742996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.145213782787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2019.2941492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2019.2941492","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104184427","https://openalex.org/W157583320","https://openalex.org/W188592340","https://openalex.org/W247104752","https://openalex.org/W753012316","https://openalex.org/W955924517","https://openalex.org/W1456662665","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1538131130","https://openalex.org/W1552940468","https://openalex.org/W1857382374","https://openalex.org/W1900048720","https://openalex.org/W1904365287","https://openalex.org/W1958009659","https://openalex.org/W2025328578","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2040263621","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2057945338","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2095727900","https://openalex.org/W2101833891","https://openalex.org/W2102560179","https://openalex.org/W2110242546","https://openalex.org/W2113523995","https://openalex.org/W2116044718","https://openalex.org/W2118788747","https://openalex.org/W2131589711","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2156239240","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2168231600","https://openalex.org/W2285924575","https://openalex.org/W2293634267","https://openalex.org/W2334157998","https://openalex.org/W2518871715","https://openalex.org/W2520442116","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2559360880","https://openalex.org/W2592422436","https://openalex.org/W2606891064","https://openalex.org/W2748400683","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962859574","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W3101036738","https://openalex.org/W3105995058","https://openalex.org/W4318619660","https://openalex.org/W6604254268","https://openalex.org/W6606354837","https://openalex.org/W6607610000","https://openalex.org/W6622239757","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640036494","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6675440094","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6696934422","https://openalex.org/W6726828527","https://openalex.org/W6728757088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2048100608","https://openalex.org/W2090296580","https://openalex.org/W1576249345","https://openalex.org/W4243905374","https://openalex.org/W2785815065","https://openalex.org/W1796074903","https://openalex.org/W4245955065","https://openalex.org/W4254967497"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,14,87,97,175],"has":[2,243],"been":[3],"becoming":[4],"a":[5,94,102,118,146,256],"promising":[6],"focus":[7],"in":[8,139,191],"data":[9,32,51,59,68,78,121,129,137,219,230,250],"mining":[10,79],"research.":[11],"With":[12],"deep":[13,19,96,174],"techniques,":[15],"researchers":[16],"can":[17,177,214],"discover":[18],"properties":[20],"and":[21,37,42,60,105,112,144,152,163,194,240],"features":[22],"of":[23,154,181,208,246,259,262,275],"events":[24],"from":[25],"quantitative":[26],"mobile":[27,120,125],"sensor":[28],"data.":[29],"However,":[30],"many":[31],"sources":[33,52],"are":[34,158,266],"geographically":[35],"separated":[36],"have":[38],"strict":[39],"privacy,":[40],"security,":[41],"regulatory":[43],"constraints.":[44],"Upon":[45],"releasing":[46],"the":[47,64,135,155,171,179,187,197,206,209,241,252,263,273],"privacy-sensitive":[48],"data,":[49],"these":[50],"generally":[53],"no":[54],"longer":[55],"physically":[56],"possess":[57],"their":[58,66,247],"cannot":[61],"interfere":[62],"with":[63,109,237],"way":[65],"personal":[67,119,248],"being":[69],"used.":[70],"Therefore,":[71],"it":[72],"is":[73,82,115,221],"necessary":[74],"to":[75,84,234],"explore":[76],"distributed":[77,95,173],"architecture":[80],"which":[81,100,270],"able":[83],"conduct":[85],"consensus":[86,148],"based":[88],"on":[89,223],"needs.":[90],"Accordingly,":[91],"we":[92],"propose":[93],"optimized":[98],"system":[99,133,157,176],"contains":[101],"cloud":[103],"server":[104],"multiple":[106],"smartphone":[107],"devices":[108],"computation":[110],"capabilities":[111],"each":[113],"device":[114],"served":[116],"as":[117],"hub":[122],"for":[123,268],"enabling":[124],"computing":[126],"while":[127],"preserving":[128],"privacy.":[130],"The":[131,150,166],"proposed":[132,156,172],"keeps":[134],"private":[136,228],"locally":[138],"smartphones,":[140],"shares":[141],"trained":[142,210,260],"parameters,":[143],"builds":[145],"global":[147],"model.":[149],"feasibility":[151],"usability":[153],"evaluated":[159],"by":[160],"three":[161],"experiments":[162],"related":[164],"discussion.":[165],"experimental":[167],"results":[168],"show":[169,195],"that":[170,196],"reconstruct":[178],"behavior":[180],"centralized":[182],"training.":[183],"We":[184],"also":[185,213],"measure":[186],"cumulative":[188],"network":[189,216],"traffic":[190],"different":[192],"scenarios":[193],"partial":[198],"parameter":[199],"sharing":[200],"strategy":[201],"does":[202],"not":[203,232],"only":[204,255],"preserve":[205],"performance":[207],"model":[211,265],"but":[212],"reduce":[215],"traffic.":[217],"User":[218],"privacy":[220],"protected":[222],"two":[224],"levels.":[225],"First,":[226],"local":[227,264],"training":[229,249],"do":[231],"need":[233],"be":[235],"shared":[236],"other":[238],"people":[239],"user":[242],"full":[244],"control":[245],"all":[251],"time.":[253],"Second,":[254],"small":[257],"fraction":[258],"gradients":[261],"selected":[267],"sharing,":[269],"further":[271],"reduces":[272],"risk":[274],"information":[276],"leaking.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}