{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802507603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2828104","title":"Primary User-Aware Optimal Discovery Routing for Cognitive Radio Networks","display_name":"Primary User-Aware Optimal Discovery Routing for Cognitive Radio Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802507603","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2828104","mag":"2802507603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2018.2828104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2828104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018333744","display_name":"Arsany Guirguis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-0387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arsany Guirguis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0898-0387","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072579970","display_name":"Fadel Digham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088986","display_name":"National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/007mwgz28","country_code":"EG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088986"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadel Digham","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055400388","display_name":"Karim G. Seddik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-592X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80693520","display_name":"American University in Cairo","ror":"https://ror.org/0176yqn58","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim G. Seddik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2279-592X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communications Engineering Department, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80693520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108034686","display_name":"Mohamed Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3168-6626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008319184","display_name":"Khaled A. Harras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1327-9077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled A. Harras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1327-9077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008352007","display_name":"Moustafa Youssef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32619867","display_name":"Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02x66tk73","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32619867"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moustafa Youssef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2063-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Alexandria, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32619867"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90968669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"193","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7437974810600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6860332489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.592456579208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-information-protocol","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","score":0.5490248799324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5351045727729797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.528239905834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-routing","display_name":"Geographic routing","score":0.5098208785057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.5068464875221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5055100917816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.489048570394516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4752062261104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.463786244392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.4633256793022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-table","display_name":"Routing table","score":0.4619693160057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.4488834738731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4446139931678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flooding","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","score":0.4255520701408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19853419065475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0698920488357544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7437974810600281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6860332489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.592456579208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7573999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207580","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5490248799324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5351045727729797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.528239905834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.5098208785057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.5068464875221252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5055100917816162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.489048570394516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4752062261104584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.463786244392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.4633256793022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.4619693160057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.4488834738731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4446139931678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4255520701408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19853419065475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0698920488357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2018.2828104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2828104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310120","display_name":"National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/007mwgz28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554193878","https://openalex.org/W1901067905","https://openalex.org/W1907032667","https://openalex.org/W1969147636","https://openalex.org/W1971139522","https://openalex.org/W1989651117","https://openalex.org/W1990603581","https://openalex.org/W1992205222","https://openalex.org/W2004757670","https://openalex.org/W2006427429","https://openalex.org/W2016674167","https://openalex.org/W2060383394","https://openalex.org/W2080834742","https://openalex.org/W2083071653","https://openalex.org/W2095803340","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2101963262","https://openalex.org/W2102258543","https://openalex.org/W2102492688","https://openalex.org/W2113630355","https://openalex.org/W2117441298","https://openalex.org/W2123426985","https://openalex.org/W2131700166","https://openalex.org/W2134732869","https://openalex.org/W2136073801","https://openalex.org/W2137163110","https://openalex.org/W2158305426","https://openalex.org/W2164470020","https://openalex.org/W2169762591","https://openalex.org/W2173081631","https://openalex.org/W2289113509","https://openalex.org/W2557473793","https://openalex.org/W2564497752","https://openalex.org/W2574143016","https://openalex.org/W2789983832","https://openalex.org/W4241157148","https://openalex.org/W6640135883","https://openalex.org/W6648349509","https://openalex.org/W6683430532","https://openalex.org/W6696607318","https://openalex.org/W6730235223","https://openalex.org/W6732212993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2187629822","https://openalex.org/W2352609928","https://openalex.org/W2139584334","https://openalex.org/W2385767386","https://openalex.org/W613020663","https://openalex.org/W2808408807","https://openalex.org/W1971397255","https://openalex.org/W1511174345","https://openalex.org/W106527558","https://openalex.org/W2127873929"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Routing":[0],"protocols":[1,21,51,130,183],"in":[2,37,101,145,198,211],"multi-hop":[3],"cognitive":[4],"radio":[5],"networks":[6],"(CRNs)":[7],"can":[8,91,188],"be":[9,92],"classified":[10],"into":[11,94],"two":[12],"main":[13],"categories:":[14],"local":[15,126],"and":[16,110,127,141,203,207],"global":[17,49,128],"routing.":[18],"Local":[19],"routing":[20,29,50,80,97,129,139,209],"aim":[22,116],"at":[23],"decreasing":[24],"the":[25,28,33,43,47,53,58,62,65,86,108,123,138,142,160,190,194,208],"overhead":[26,67,140,210],"of":[27,42,112,117,147],"process":[30],"while":[31],"exploring":[32,57],"route":[34,55,143,195],"by":[35,56],"choosing,":[36],"a":[38,74,153,177],"greedy":[39],"manner,":[40],"one":[41],"direct":[44],"neighbors.":[45],"On":[46],"contrary,":[48],"choose":[52],"optimal":[54,161],"whole":[59],"network":[60,105],"to":[61,99,104,121,152],"destination":[63],"paying":[64],"flooding":[66],"cost.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,118,171],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"primary":[75,113,148],"user-aware":[76],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[77,83],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$k$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[78,84,167],"-hop":[79],"scheme":[81,90,119,187],"where":[82],"is":[85,120,134],"discovery":[87,162],"radius.":[88],"This":[89],"plugged":[93],"any":[95],"CRN":[96],"protocol":[98],"adapt,":[100],"real":[102,212],"time,":[103],"dynamics":[106],"like":[107],"number":[109],"activity":[111],"users.":[114],"The":[115],"cover":[122],"gap":[124],"between":[125,193],"for":[131],"CRNs.":[132],"It":[133],"based":[135],"on":[136,174,201],"balancing":[137],"optimality,":[144,196],"terms":[146],"users":[149],"avoidance,":[150],"according":[151],"user-defined":[154,191],"utility":[155],"function.":[156],"We":[157],"analytically":[158],"derive":[159],"radius":[163],"(":[164],"<inline-formula>":[165],"<tex-math":[166],")":[168],"that":[169,185],"achieves":[170],"target.":[172],"Evaluations":[173],"NS2":[175],"with":[176,180],"side-by-side":[178],"comparison":[179],"traditional":[181],"CRNs":[182],"show":[184],"our":[186],"achieve":[189],"balance":[192],"which":[197],"turn":[199],"reflected":[200],"throughput":[202],"packet":[204],"delivery":[205],"ratio,":[206],"time.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}