{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793527415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2798635","title":"CamK: Camera-Based Keystroke Detection and Localization for Small Mobile Devices","display_name":"CamK: Camera-Based Keystroke Detection and Localization for Small Mobile Devices","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793527415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2798635","mag":"2793527415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2018.2798635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2798635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087888694","display_name":"Yafeng Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-6244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yafeng Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9497-6244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100426184","display_name":"Qun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2231-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365442","display_name":"Lei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076056508","display_name":"Shanhe Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1668-0613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16285277","display_name":"William & Mary","ror":"https://ror.org/03hsf0573","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16285277"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I267592682","display_name":"Williams (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/007zhvp17","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanhe Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1668-0613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16285277","https://openalex.org/I267592682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018914292","display_name":"Ed Novak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-1546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173146385","display_name":"Franklin & Marshall College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fp4ps48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173146385"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ed Novak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-1546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173146385"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043533769","display_name":"Sanglu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-4519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanglu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85347713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"2236","last_page":"2251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.8585323095321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8173836469650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.6690160632133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.5764316320419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5206100940704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4863069951534271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4699791967868805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.45059734582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.4372747838497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.4327892065048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41816246509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camk","display_name":"CAMK","score":0.413602739572525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3927859663963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11263346672058105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.8585323095321655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8173836469650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.6690160632133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.5764316320419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5206100940704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4863069951534271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4699791967868805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.45059734582901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.4372747838497162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.4327892065048218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41816246509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778565530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26261927","display_name":"CAMK","level":5,"score":0.413602739572525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3927859663963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11263346672058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150109051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630494","display_name":"Autophosphorylation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97029542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281417","display_name":"Protein kinase A","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2018.2798635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2018.2798635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1706293925","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u771f\u5b9e\u590d\u6742\u73af\u5883\u7684RFID\u8bc6\u522b\u4e0e\u611f\u77e5\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61472185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2771018834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502224","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3299040937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20151390","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6667581590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61321491","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114552524","https://openalex.org/W126514359","https://openalex.org/W282058319","https://openalex.org/W1573481248","https://openalex.org/W1960744986","https://openalex.org/W1970381760","https://openalex.org/W1972254508","https://openalex.org/W1983623559","https://openalex.org/W2013001796","https://openalex.org/W2021256293","https://openalex.org/W2040017661","https://openalex.org/W2044109592","https://openalex.org/W2055344768","https://openalex.org/W2056710597","https://openalex.org/W2081147667","https://openalex.org/W2081367122","https://openalex.org/W2087323737","https://openalex.org/W2093817148","https://openalex.org/W2099287431","https://openalex.org/W2105894860","https://openalex.org/W2109481294","https://openalex.org/W2112261049","https://openalex.org/W2113472216","https://openalex.org/W2113893685","https://openalex.org/W2131740967","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2138879556","https://openalex.org/W2145158764","https://openalex.org/W2154741421","https://openalex.org/W2164699976","https://openalex.org/W2171706706","https://openalex.org/W2498941882","https://openalex.org/W2579193977","https://openalex.org/W4235090768","https://openalex.org/W4237911670","https://openalex.org/W6604646295","https://openalex.org/W6610237667","https://openalex.org/W6731784589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2157978810","https://openalex.org/W2597809628","https://openalex.org/W2793527415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Because":[0],"of":[1,5,31,47,84,92,126],"the":[2,44,48,55,65,70,73,97,105,124,194],"smaller":[3],"size":[4],"mobile":[6,49,136],"devices,":[7],"text":[8,39,177,199],"entry":[9],"with":[10,33,155,165],"on-screen":[11,166],"keyboards":[12],"becomes":[13],"inefficient.":[14],"Therefore,":[15],"we":[16,132,187],"present":[17],"CamK,":[18],"a":[19,26,29,34,157,171],"camera-based":[20],"text-entry":[21],"method,":[22],"which":[23],"can":[24,146,169],"use":[25],"panel":[27],"(e.g.,":[28],"piece":[30],"paper)":[32],"keyboard":[35],"layout":[36],"to":[37,63,191],"input":[38,178,195],"into":[40],"small":[41],"devices.":[42],"With":[43],"built-in":[45],"camera":[46],"device,":[50],"CamK":[51,95,108,134,145,168],"captures":[52],"images":[53],"during":[54],"typing":[56,66,173],"process":[57],"and":[58,77,87,100,179],"utilizes":[59],"image":[60,114],"processing":[61],"techniques":[62],"recognize":[64],"behavior,":[67],"i.e.,":[68],"extract":[69],"keys,":[71],"track":[72],"user's":[74],"fingertips,":[75],"detect,":[76],"locate":[78],"keystrokes.":[79],"To":[80,103],"achieve":[81,147,170],"high":[82],"accuracy":[83,151],"keystroke":[85,93,153],"localization":[86],"low":[88],"false":[89,160],"positive":[90,161],"rate":[91],"detection,":[94],"introduces":[96],"initial":[98],"training":[99],"online":[101],"calibration.":[102],"reduce":[104],"time":[106],"latency,":[107],"optimizes":[109],"computation-intensive":[110],"modules":[111],"by":[112,200],"changing":[113],"sizes,":[115],"focusing":[116],"on":[117,135],"target":[118],"areas,":[119],"introducing":[120],"multiple":[121],"threads,":[122],"removing":[123],"operations":[125],"writing":[127],"or":[128],"reading":[129],"images.":[130],"Finally,":[131],"implement":[133],"devices":[137],"running":[138],"Android.":[139],"Our":[140],"experimental":[141],"results":[142],"show":[143],"that":[144],"above":[148],"95":[149],"percent":[150,159],"in":[152],"localization,":[154],"only":[156],"4.8":[158],"rate.":[162],"When":[163],"compared":[164],"keyboards,":[167],"1.25X":[172],"speedup":[174],"for":[175,181,197],"regular":[176,198],"2.5X":[180],"random":[182],"character":[183],"input.":[184],"In":[185],"addition,":[186],"introduce":[188],"word":[189],"prediction":[190],"further":[192],"improve":[193],"speed":[196],"13.4":[201],"percent.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}