{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2594994417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2017.2684167","title":"Smartphone-Based Real Time Vehicle Tracking in Indoor Parking Structures","display_name":"Smartphone-Based Real Time Vehicle Tracking in Indoor Parking Structures","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2594994417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2017.2684167","mag":"2594994417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2017.2684167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2017.2684167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016181167","display_name":"Ruipeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2490-6654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruipeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006376476","display_name":"M. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5226-9085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingmin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074918980","display_name":"Ye Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-9451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS School, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS School, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103069183","display_name":"Fan Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8371-5436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602395","display_name":"Yizhou Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9888-6409"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhou Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS School, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS School, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023468643","display_name":"Guojie Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4932-3655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojie Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS School, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS School, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6609,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93537944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"2023","last_page":"2036"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7370104789733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.6196483969688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.5841442346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5469359755516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.5364573001861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.5224480032920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guard","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","score":0.5189266204833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.42240110039711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-tracking-system","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","score":0.41011911630630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38623249530792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3480837941169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.21427863836288452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7370104789733887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6196483969688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5841442346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5469359755516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.5364573001861572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.5224480032920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5189266204833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.42240110039711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84119951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3498530","display_name":"Vehicle tracking system","level":3,"score":0.41011911630630493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38623249530792236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3480837941169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.21427863836288452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2017.2684167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2017.2684167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1453384114","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61231010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2462066501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1513719","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","funder_display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2804969190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R16RC00030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323066","funder_display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8167046573","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61625201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323066","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337388","display_name":"Division of Computer and Network Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdzmk74"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1751378831","https://openalex.org/W1993107177","https://openalex.org/W2014643169","https://openalex.org/W2016366434","https://openalex.org/W2019993146","https://openalex.org/W2026414543","https://openalex.org/W2045981803","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2054602086","https://openalex.org/W2058346864","https://openalex.org/W2067088030","https://openalex.org/W2080607723","https://openalex.org/W2086755418","https://openalex.org/W2088136988","https://openalex.org/W2089343068","https://openalex.org/W2090274112","https://openalex.org/W2092539048","https://openalex.org/W2099711007","https://openalex.org/W2107093695","https://openalex.org/W2115972319","https://openalex.org/W2123588191","https://openalex.org/W2126236329","https://openalex.org/W2127600800","https://openalex.org/W2132110947","https://openalex.org/W2132691216","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2137279681","https://openalex.org/W2142216726","https://openalex.org/W2148820580","https://openalex.org/W2166315077","https://openalex.org/W2168463792","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2182033143","https://openalex.org/W2325261190","https://openalex.org/W2336416123","https://openalex.org/W2501161110","https://openalex.org/W4242246215","https://openalex.org/W6637859631","https://openalex.org/W7023459502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056853153","https://openalex.org/W2057559274","https://openalex.org/W2005087563","https://openalex.org/W2378111931","https://openalex.org/W4243161226","https://openalex.org/W2950647290","https://openalex.org/W2620829895","https://openalex.org/W2356918560","https://openalex.org/W1968481813","https://openalex.org/W2392886708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"location":[1,62,191],"awareness":[2],"and":[3,36,46,93,100,117,124,150,160,171,173,179],"turn-by-turn":[4],"instructions":[5],"are":[6,13],"prevalent":[7],"outdoors":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,89,112,127],"GPS,":[11],"we":[12,40,53],"back":[14,45],"into":[15],"the":[16,60,67,121,130,187,206],"darkness":[17],"in":[18,33,63,106,164],"uninstrumented":[19],"indoor":[20],"environments":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"underground":[24],"parking":[25,166,203],"structures.":[26],"We":[27,103,133,154,181],"get":[28],"confused,":[29],"disoriented":[30],"when":[31],"driving":[32],"these":[34],"mazes,":[35],"frequently":[37],"forget":[38],"where":[39],"parked,":[41],"ending":[42],"up":[43],"circling":[44],"forth":[47],"upon":[48],"return.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"propose":[54],"VeTrack,":[55],"asmartphone-only":[56],"system":[57],"that":[58,183],"tracks":[59],"vehicle\u2019s":[61,94,188],"real":[64,189],"time":[65,190],"using":[66],"phone\u2019s":[68,92],"inertial":[69],"sensors.":[70],"It":[71,81],"does":[72],"not":[73],"require":[74],"any":[75],"environment":[76],"instrumentation":[77],"or":[78],"cloud":[79],"backend.":[80],"uses":[82],"a":[83,107,156],"novel":[84],"\u201cshadow\u201d":[85],"trajectory":[86],"tracing":[87],"method":[88],"accurately":[90],"estimate":[91,186],"orientations":[95],"despite":[96],"their":[97],"arbitrary":[98],"poses":[99],"frequent":[101],"disturbances.":[102],"develop":[104],"algorithms":[105],"Sequential":[108],"Monte":[109],"Carlo":[110],"framework":[111],"represent":[113],"vehicle":[114,131],"states":[115],"probabilistically,":[116],"harness":[118],"constraints":[119],"by":[120],"garage":[122],"map":[123],"detected":[125],"landmarks":[126],"robustly":[128],"infer":[129],"location.":[132],"also":[134],"find":[135,182],"landmark":[136],"(e.g.,":[137],"speed":[138],"bumps,":[139],"turns)":[140],"recognition":[141],"methods":[142],"reliable":[143],"against":[144],"noises,":[145],"disturbances":[146],"from":[147],"bumpy":[148],"rides,":[149],"even":[151],"hand-held":[152],"movements.":[153],"implement":[155],"highly":[157],"efficient":[158],"prototype":[159],"conduct":[161],"extensive":[162],"experiments":[163],"multiple":[165,177],"structures":[167],"of":[168,198],"different":[169],"sizes":[170],"structures,":[172],"collect":[174],"data":[175],"with":[176,192,196],"vehicles":[178],"drivers.":[180],"VeTrack":[184],"can":[185],"almost":[193],"negligible":[194],"latency,":[195],"error":[197],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[199],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2\\sim":[200],"4$</tex-math>":[201],"</inline-formula>":[202],"spaces":[204],"at":[205],"80th":[207],"percentile.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
