{"id":"https://openalex.org/W248079633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2015.2504965","title":"<italic>RTI Goes Wild</italic>: Radio Tomographic Imaging for Outdoor People Detection and Localization","display_name":"<italic>RTI Goes Wild</italic>: Radio Tomographic Imaging for Outdoor People Detection and Localization","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W248079633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2015.2504965","mag":"248079633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2015.2504965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2015.2504965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/979029","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005003786","display_name":"Cesare Alippi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3819-0025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cesare Alippi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020144871","display_name":"Maurizio Bocca","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maurizio Bocca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006716646","display_name":"Giacomo Boracchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-3054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giacomo Boracchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068259004","display_name":"Neal Patwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117914","display_name":"Xandem Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ecccn63","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neal Patwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT","Xandem Technology, Salt Lake City, UT 84111"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xandem Technology, Salt Lake City, UT 84111","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117914"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035547226","display_name":"Manuel Roveri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-7687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Roveri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005003786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9012898,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"10","first_page":"2585","last_page":"2598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.9362860918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6753339767456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.5582966804504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5196282267570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4806303381919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.47593310475349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomographic-reconstruction","display_name":"Tomographic reconstruction","score":0.46922287344932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4474586546421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4439309239387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4247647523880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.4245643615722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3664219081401825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35025686025619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.32721972465515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2029028832912445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.1429252028465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12838950753211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12638071179389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09052309393882751}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.9362860918045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6753339767456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.5582966804504395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5196282267570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4806303381919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.47593310475349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97742081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7820109","display_name":"Tomographic reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.46922287344932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4474586546421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4439309239387512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4247647523880005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.4245643615722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3664219081401825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35025686025619507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.32721972465515137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2029028832912445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.1429252028465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12838950753211975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12638071179389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09052309393882751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2015.2504965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2015.2504965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.767.6565","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.767.6565","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1407.8509.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/979029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/979029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/979029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/979029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4345674288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBIR FY13.1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306110","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5382481223","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1035565","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7079692397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1407949","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306110","display_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","ror":"https://ror.org/00jyr0d86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71842462","https://openalex.org/W1457125068","https://openalex.org/W1494913995","https://openalex.org/W1576186752","https://openalex.org/W1966220140","https://openalex.org/W1968527168","https://openalex.org/W1970685828","https://openalex.org/W1971745161","https://openalex.org/W2006327170","https://openalex.org/W2008025584","https://openalex.org/W2013593441","https://openalex.org/W2028142124","https://openalex.org/W2037041815","https://openalex.org/W2067925351","https://openalex.org/W2069888113","https://openalex.org/W2084375073","https://openalex.org/W2084763505","https://openalex.org/W2088648483","https://openalex.org/W2097520006","https://openalex.org/W2101807815","https://openalex.org/W2103757854","https://openalex.org/W2114424556","https://openalex.org/W2118097499","https://openalex.org/W2121274305","https://openalex.org/W2126610593","https://openalex.org/W2137494381","https://openalex.org/W2138108356","https://openalex.org/W2139947818","https://openalex.org/W2141056905","https://openalex.org/W2143751752","https://openalex.org/W2145417574","https://openalex.org/W2147124620","https://openalex.org/W2151034334","https://openalex.org/W2152178374","https://openalex.org/W2158403369","https://openalex.org/W2161280016","https://openalex.org/W2162266217","https://openalex.org/W2167332013","https://openalex.org/W2169463484","https://openalex.org/W2171117352","https://openalex.org/W2406318738","https://openalex.org/W2509972717","https://openalex.org/W2535579546","https://openalex.org/W4251663505","https://openalex.org/W6679166289","https://openalex.org/W6684222756"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W426968574","https://openalex.org/W2365639220","https://openalex.org/W2382520895","https://openalex.org/W2393709043","https://openalex.org/W2080567403","https://openalex.org/W2539387137","https://openalex.org/W2374952201","https://openalex.org/W2374808384","https://openalex.org/W2385449752","https://openalex.org/W2619844325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Radio":[3,42],"frequency":[4],"(RF)":[5],"sensor":[6],"networks":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"used":[10],"to":[11,18,73,133,205],"localize":[12],"people":[13,101,118],"indoor":[14,106],"without":[15],"requiring":[16],"them":[17],"wear":[19],"invasive":[20],"electronic":[21],"devices.":[22],"These":[23],"wireless":[24],"mesh":[25],"networks,":[26],"formed":[27],"by":[28,69,155],"low-power":[29],"radio":[30,71],"transceivers,":[31],"continuously":[32],"measure":[33],"the":[34,40,59,62,66,70,75,109,122,125,147,152,156,165,169,176],"received":[35],"signal":[36,128],"strength":[37],"(RSS)":[38],"of":[39,58,79,168],"links.":[41],"Tomographic":[43],"Imaging":[44],"(RTI)":[45],"is":[46,129],"a":[47,94,140,182,187],"technique":[48],"that":[49,175],"generates,":[50],"starting":[51],"from":[52],"these":[53],"RSS":[54,110,127,153],"measurements,":[55],"2D":[56],"images":[57],"change":[60,113],"in":[61,105,121,151,184,186],"electromagnetic":[63],"field":[64],"inside":[65],"area":[67,190],"covered":[68],"transceivers":[72],"spot":[74],"presence":[76],"and":[77,99,162,180,201],"movements":[78],"animates":[80],"(e.g.,":[81,89],"people,":[82],"large":[83,86,188],"animals)":[84],"or":[85,135],"metallic":[87],"objects":[88],"cars).":[90],"Here,":[91],"we":[92],"present":[93,139],"RTI":[95,143,207],"system":[96,177],"for":[97],"localizing":[98],"tracking":[100],"outdoors.":[102],"Differently":[103],"than":[104],"environments":[107],"where":[108],"does":[111],"not":[112],"significantly":[114,195],"with":[115],"time":[116],"unless":[117],"are":[119],"found":[120],"monitored":[123],"area,":[124],"outdoor":[126,142],"time-variant,":[130],"e.g.,":[131],"due":[132],"rainfall":[134],"wind-driven":[136],"foliage.":[137],"We":[138],"novel":[141],"method":[144],"that,":[145],"despite":[146],"nonstationary":[148],"noise":[149],"introduced":[150],"data":[154],"environment,":[157],"achieves":[158],"high":[159],"localization":[160,199],"accuracy":[161],"dramatically":[163],"reduces":[164],"energy":[166,202],"consumption":[167,203],"sensing":[170],"units.":[171],"Experimental":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"accurately":[178],"detects":[179],"tracks":[181],"person":[183],"real-time":[185],"forested":[189],"under":[191],"varying":[192],"environmental":[193],"conditions,":[194],"reducing":[196],"false":[197],"positives,":[198],"error":[200],"compared":[204],"state-of-the-art":[206],"methods.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}