{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133470485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2014.2341633","title":"Unlocking Smart Phone through Handwaving Biometrics","display_name":"Unlocking Smart Phone through Handwaving Biometrics","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133470485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2014.2341633","mag":"2133470485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2014.2341633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2014.2341633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044160991","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9651-0811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049706279","display_name":"Yi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7142-2871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074531806","display_name":"X. X. Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2807-2597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023885705","display_name":"Jinsong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-1955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, 28 Xian-Ning West Road, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, 28 Xian-Ning West Road, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877971","display_name":"Yunhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6262-3313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089338846","display_name":"Cheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-1596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University","Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059690482","display_name":"Changwei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7511-0739"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changwei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Broadcast and TV Network Intermediary (Group) Co., LTD, Xian, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Broadcast and TV Network Intermediary (Group) Co., LTD, Xian, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044160991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.6224,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9837444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"1044","last_page":"1055"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8448383808135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7370305061340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.654686689376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-phone","display_name":"Smart phone","score":0.6336206197738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.6078898310661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5767323970794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5670241713523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.5586895942687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.538362979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5110362768173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4979391098022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.4652225971221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4029373824596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3178742229938507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10616755485534668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8448383808135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7370305061340332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.654686689376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984771860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22645","display_name":"Smart phone","level":2,"score":0.6336206197738647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.6078898310661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5767323970794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5670241713523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.5586895942687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.538362979888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5110362768173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4979391098022461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.4652225971221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4029373824596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3178742229938507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10616755485534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2014.2341633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2014.2341633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6445722060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61373175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71453884","https://openalex.org/W1486454165","https://openalex.org/W1964814818","https://openalex.org/W1976081290","https://openalex.org/W2009587544","https://openalex.org/W2048755632","https://openalex.org/W2055356737","https://openalex.org/W2055389916","https://openalex.org/W2076804129","https://openalex.org/W2095038611","https://openalex.org/W2099468260","https://openalex.org/W2106256730","https://openalex.org/W2107661464","https://openalex.org/W2111200615","https://openalex.org/W2131976234","https://openalex.org/W2151373013","https://openalex.org/W2152395371","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2161810734","https://openalex.org/W2163582782","https://openalex.org/W2169074712","https://openalex.org/W2171920515","https://openalex.org/W2540301992","https://openalex.org/W6602893908","https://openalex.org/W6684778942","https://openalex.org/W7020871023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2656445685","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W1989237518","https://openalex.org/W4200422973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Screen":[0],"locking/unlocking":[1],"is":[2,21,94,148,177,186],"important":[3],"for":[4,113,141],"modern":[5],"smart":[6,59,81,155],"phones":[7,60,82],"to":[8,35,63,131],"avoid":[9],"the":[10,15,19,23,37,64,88,109,158,170,182],"unintentional":[11],"operations":[12],"and":[13,52,70,83,99,126,143],"secure":[14],"personal":[16],"stuff.":[17],"Once":[18],"phone":[20],"locked,":[22],"user":[24],"should":[25],"take":[26],"a":[27,92],"specific":[28],"action":[29],"or":[30],"provide":[31],"some":[32],"secret":[33],"information":[34],"unlock":[36],"phone.":[38],"The":[39,115],"existing":[40],"unlocking":[41],"approaches":[42,55],"can":[43],"be":[44],"categorized":[45],"into":[46],"four":[47,124],"groups:":[48],"motion,":[49],"password,":[50],"pattern,":[51],"fingerprint.":[53],"Existing":[54],"do":[56],"not":[57],"support":[58,137],"well":[61],"due":[62],"deficiency":[65],"of":[66,91,96,118,129,154,160,175],"security,":[67],"high":[68],"cost,":[69],"poor":[71],"usability.":[72],"We":[73],"collect":[74],"200":[75],"users'":[76,110],"handwaving":[77,130],"actions":[78],"with":[79],"their":[80],"discover":[84],"an":[85],"appealing":[86],"observation:":[87],"waving":[89,111],"pattern":[90],"person":[93],"kind":[95],"unique,":[97],"stable":[98],"distinguishable.":[100],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104,135],"propose":[105],"OpenSesame,":[106],"which":[107],"employs":[108],"patterns":[112],"locking/unlocking.":[114],"key":[116],"feature":[117],"our":[119],"system":[120],"lies":[121],"in":[122],"using":[123],"fine-grained":[125],"statistic":[127],"features":[128],"verify":[132],"users.":[133],"Moreover,":[134],"utilize":[136],"vector":[138],"machine":[139],"(SVM)":[140],"accurate":[142],"fast":[144],"classification.":[145],"Our":[146],"technique":[147],"robust":[149],"compatible":[150],"across":[151],"different":[152],"brands":[153],"phones,":[156],"without":[157],"need":[159],"any":[161],"specialized":[162],"hardware.":[163],"Results":[164],"from":[165],"comprehensive":[166],"experiments":[167],"show":[168],"that":[169],"mean":[171],"false":[172,183],"positive":[173],"rate":[174,185],"OpenSesame":[176],"around":[178],"15":[179],"percent,":[180],"while":[181],"negative":[184],"lower":[187],"than":[188],"8":[189],"percent.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}