{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169529481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","title":"A Three-Factor Model of Engagement and Persistence From Difficulty-Adjusted Practice Decisions in Online Mathematics Learning","display_name":"A Three-Factor Model of Engagement and Persistence From Difficulty-Adjusted Practice Decisions in Online Mathematics Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169529481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139268031","display_name":"Conrad Borchers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Conrad Borchers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-8979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141087380","display_name":"Kirk Vanacore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirk Vanacore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-5721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141088218","display_name":"Markus W. H. Spitzer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801009184","display_name":"Luther University","ror":"https://ror.org/015dhy417","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801009184"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68956291","display_name":"Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gqaka33","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68956291"]}],"countries":["DE","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus W. H. Spitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6040-1939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801009184","https://openalex.org/I68956291"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035814613","display_name":"Korbinian Moeller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-7778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Korbinian Moeller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-7778","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82327475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"804","last_page":"817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.34130001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.34130001068115234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.09769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10130","display_name":"Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques","score":0.02449999935925007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persistence","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","score":0.6801000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-learning","display_name":"Electronic learning","score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-learning","display_name":"Online learning","score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experiential-learning","display_name":"Experiential learning","score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-assessment","display_name":"Online assessment","score":0.29660001397132874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170389","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","level":2,"score":0.6801000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.567300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019723476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Electronic learning","level":3,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986087404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15946010","display_name":"Online learning","level":2,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178823583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269883","display_name":"Online assessment","level":3,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Online discussion","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986849125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer aided instruction","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158592959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869010","display_name":"Blended learning","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137405303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094107","display_name":"Online participation","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3713651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4915704131126404,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133284495","https://openalex.org/W1559799550","https://openalex.org/W1678084289","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1984208669","https://openalex.org/W2033225364","https://openalex.org/W2038558034","https://openalex.org/W2045927027","https://openalex.org/W2047706901","https://openalex.org/W2113386642","https://openalex.org/W2117766479","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2280342393","https://openalex.org/W2530083052","https://openalex.org/W2597900308","https://openalex.org/W2741891876","https://openalex.org/W2804042942","https://openalex.org/W2910015122","https://openalex.org/W2940692210","https://openalex.org/W2949109425","https://openalex.org/W2982332163","https://openalex.org/W3048794087","https://openalex.org/W3117552487","https://openalex.org/W4200574033","https://openalex.org/W4205877977","https://openalex.org/W4213412371","https://openalex.org/W4236656112","https://openalex.org/W4245000930","https://openalex.org/W4312090677","https://openalex.org/W4377108302","https://openalex.org/W4384659415","https://openalex.org/W4384928779","https://openalex.org/W4387847732","https://openalex.org/W4389057283","https://openalex.org/W4389256029","https://openalex.org/W4389301359","https://openalex.org/W4392445321","https://openalex.org/W4392445331","https://openalex.org/W4399389112","https://openalex.org/W4401626899","https://openalex.org/W4401968089","https://openalex.org/W4407842557","https://openalex.org/W4407842632","https://openalex.org/W4410567913","https://openalex.org/W4411267526","https://openalex.org/W4412430628","https://openalex.org/W4412496679","https://openalex.org/W4417432588","https://openalex.org/W7106650710","https://openalex.org/W7139101169","https://openalex.org/W7165560441"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2026-07-18T00:00:00"}
