{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162425327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3696968","title":"An Explicit-Thinking LLM-Based Cognitive Apprenticeship Approach to Promote Students\u2019 Metacognition, Higher Order Thinking Skills, and Learning Performance","display_name":"An Explicit-Thinking LLM-Based Cognitive Apprenticeship Approach to Promote Students\u2019 Metacognition, Higher Order Thinking Skills, and Learning Performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162425327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3696968"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2026.3696968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3696968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106615549","display_name":"Yihua Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8966-8595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihua Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8966-8595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016096371","display_name":"Jili Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0794-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jili Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0794-1204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108051852","display_name":"Changqin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changqin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-2608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106615697","display_name":"Xizhe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8296-8362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xizhe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8296-8362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725678","display_name":"Yixuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8659-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135237710","display_name":"Zhejiang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vevwk45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1751-5267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Education Technology and Application, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135237710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137039901","display_name":"Tao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-1824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131625388","display_name":"University Town of Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/05f5j6225","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131625388"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-1824","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I3131625388"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65675239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"548","last_page":"565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.1459999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.1459999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11715","display_name":"Education and Critical Thinking Development","score":0.07760000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.05400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apprenticeship","display_name":"Apprenticeship","score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-apprenticeship","display_name":"Cognitive apprenticeship","score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-style","display_name":"Cognitive style","score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experiential-learning","display_name":"Experiential learning","score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-learning","display_name":"Electronic learning","score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.314300000667572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107806365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253567","display_name":"Apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778573382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1038075","display_name":"Cognitive apprenticeship","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019723476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Electronic learning","level":3,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986849125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer aided instruction","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986342778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Cognitive systems","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2026.3696968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2026.3696968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6734617948532104,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,45,57,90,99,105,138,146,163,166,196,201,208,227,242],"rapid":[2],"development":[3,58,243],"of":[4,48,59,96,230,244],"generative":[5],"AI,":[6],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"(LLMs)":[10],"have":[11],"been":[12],"increasingly":[13],"applied":[14],"in":[15,22,178],"education.":[16],"Although":[17],"LLMs":[18,27],"demonstrate":[19],"considerable":[20],"potential":[21],"supporting":[23],"student":[24],"learning,":[25],"conventional":[26,143],"tend":[28],"to":[29,43,103,162,195,239],"provide":[30],"direct":[31],"answers":[32],"without":[33],"explicitly":[34],"articulating":[35],"their":[36,111],"reasoning":[37,107,197,220],"processes.":[38],"This":[39,204],"hinders":[40],"students'":[41,212,232],"ability":[42],"comprehend":[44],"underlying":[46],"logic":[47],"problem-solving,":[49],"thereby":[50,109],"limiting":[51],"opportunities":[52],"for":[53],"metacognitive":[54,172],"engagement":[55,236],"and":[56,93,127,145,181,184,215,234],"higher-order":[60,112,216,245],"thinking":[61,82,113,217,246],"skills.":[62,114,247],"To":[63],"address":[64],"this":[65,67],"issue,":[66],"study":[68,205],"proposes":[69],"a":[70,132,142,151],"cognitive":[71,97],"apprenticeship":[72],"approach":[73,100,153],"based":[74],"on":[75],"an":[76],"explicit-thinking":[77,139,202,209],"LLM":[78,140,210],"that":[79,154,207],"provides":[80],"structured":[81],"support":[83,241],"during":[84],"LLM-based":[85],"learning":[86,134,188,213],"activities.":[87],"By":[88],"employing":[89],"modeling,":[91],"coaching,":[92],"reflection":[94],"mechanisms":[95],"apprenticeship,":[98],"guides":[101],"students":[102,123],"internalize":[104],"LLM's":[106],"processes,":[108],"fostering":[110],"A":[115],"quasi-experimental":[116],"design":[117],"was":[118],"adopted,":[119],"involving":[120],"68":[121],"college":[122],"divided":[124],"into":[125],"experimental":[126,167],"control":[128,164],"groups.":[129],"Participants":[130],"completed":[131],"writing-based":[133],"task":[135],"using":[136,150],"either":[137],"or":[141],"LLM,":[144],"data":[147],"were":[148],"analyzed":[149],"mixed-methods":[152],"included":[155],"eye-tracking.":[156],"The":[157],"results":[158],"showed":[159],"that,":[160],"compared":[161],"group,":[165],"group":[168],"(1)":[169],"exhibited":[170],"enhanced":[171],"regulation,":[173],"(2)":[174],"demonstrated":[175],"superior":[176],"performance":[177,214],"both":[179],"problem-solving":[180],"critical":[182,233],"thinking,":[183],"(3)":[185],"achieved":[186],"better":[187],"outcomes":[189],"when":[190],"they":[191],"devoted":[192],"greater":[193],"attention":[194],"process":[198],"generated":[199],"by":[200,218],"LLM.":[203],"suggests":[206],"enhances":[211],"making":[219],"processes":[221],"more":[222],"transparent.":[223],"It":[224],"further":[225],"emphasizes":[226],"essential":[228],"role":[229],"cultivating":[231],"creative":[235],"with":[237],"AI":[238],"effectively":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2026-05-27T00:00:00"}
