{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409494618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2025.3561332","title":"EduPlanner: LLM-Based Multiagent Systems for Customized and Intelligent Instructional Design","display_name":"EduPlanner: LLM-Based Multiagent Systems for Customized and Intelligent Instructional Design","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409494618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2025.3561332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2025.3561332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2025.3561332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061124954","display_name":"Xueqiao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xueqiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8185-6002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046446053","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-7794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058426743","display_name":"Jianwen Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-1072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-1072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101485989","display_name":"Jun Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6142-9914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6142-9914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005421447","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-880X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010961909","display_name":"Yawei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-1806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7037-1806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061124954"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":47.7474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99811866,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"416","last_page":"427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.8691999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12171","display_name":"Open Education and E-Learning","score":0.8677999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8363813161849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5088543891906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"Instructional design","score":0.4615362584590912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3786267042160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3517563045024872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3318822979927063}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8363813161849976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5088543891906738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.4615362584590912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3786267042160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3517563045024872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3318822979927063}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2025.3561332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2025.3561332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1661763918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62293554","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020118497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SQ2023AAA01005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5586867142","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2336212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605994771","https://openalex.org/W2920754053","https://openalex.org/W2946142322","https://openalex.org/W2959017226","https://openalex.org/W3003999301","https://openalex.org/W3018659574","https://openalex.org/W3126378545","https://openalex.org/W3174576607","https://openalex.org/W4296343374","https://openalex.org/W4319993304","https://openalex.org/W4320005506","https://openalex.org/W4320040531","https://openalex.org/W4362653252","https://openalex.org/W4367179938","https://openalex.org/W4384659608","https://openalex.org/W4387643618","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4387967901","https://openalex.org/W4389519488","https://openalex.org/W4390921168","https://openalex.org/W4393114551","https://openalex.org/W4393153032","https://openalex.org/W4393864430","https://openalex.org/W4398778067","https://openalex.org/W4399009670","https://openalex.org/W4399881921","https://openalex.org/W4401110170","https://openalex.org/W4402670999","https://openalex.org/W4402684050","https://openalex.org/W4404782994","https://openalex.org/W4405400144","https://openalex.org/W4405811882","https://openalex.org/W4406387700","https://openalex.org/W4407219571","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6803096969","https://openalex.org/W6852568216","https://openalex.org/W6852874933","https://openalex.org/W6853185838","https://openalex.org/W6853313673","https://openalex.org/W6853611289","https://openalex.org/W6855322827","https://openalex.org/W6855537017","https://openalex.org/W6855797017","https://openalex.org/W6857847586","https://openalex.org/W6861084137","https://openalex.org/W6862660806","https://openalex.org/W6864345665","https://openalex.org/W6867012657","https://openalex.org/W6898505805","https://openalex.org/W7064840731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973587735","https://openalex.org/W2082624544","https://openalex.org/W304855073","https://openalex.org/W3047629247","https://openalex.org/W938111471","https://openalex.org/W2511882081","https://openalex.org/W4390655966","https://openalex.org/W2518250394","https://openalex.org/W2032169142","https://openalex.org/W3132438786"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"significantly":[5],"advanced":[6],"smart":[7],"education":[8],"in":[9,20,110,213],"the":[10,21,76,140,166,204,228,236],"Artificial":[11],"General":[12],"Intelligence":[13],"(AGI)":[14],"era.":[15],"A":[16],"promising":[17],"application":[18],"lies":[19],"automatic":[22],"generalization":[23],"of":[24,144,232],"instructional":[25,118,148,217],"design":[26,119,149,218],"for":[27,82,120,150,219],"curriculum":[28,121,151,220],"and":[29,50,52,105,116,122,152,160,186,197,206,215,221,230],"learning":[30,48,63,123,153,161,222],"activities,":[31],"focusing":[32],"on":[33,45,60,203],"two":[34],"key":[35],"aspects:":[36],"(1)":[37],"Customized":[38],"Generation:":[39],"generating":[40],"niche-targeted":[41],"teaching":[42,85],"content":[43,58],"based":[44,59],"students'":[46,157],"varying":[47],"abilities":[49],"states;":[51],"(2)":[53],"Intelligent":[54],"Optimization:":[55],"iteratively":[56],"optimizing":[57,216],"feedback":[61],"from":[62],"effectiveness":[64,231],"or":[65],"test":[66],"scores.":[67],"Currently,":[68],"a":[69,80,106,133],"single":[70],"large":[71],"LLM":[72],"cannot":[73],"effectively":[74],"manage":[75],"entire":[77],"process,":[78],"posing":[79],"challenge":[81],"designing":[83],"intelligent":[84,117,199],"plans.":[86],"To":[87],"address":[88],"these":[89],"issues,":[90],"we":[91,164],"developed":[92],"EduPlanner,":[93],"an":[94,99,102,168],"LLM-based":[95,169],"multi-agent":[96],"system":[97],"comprising":[98],"evaluator":[100],"agent,":[101,104],"optimizer":[103],"question":[107],"analyst,":[108],"working":[109],"adversarial":[111],"collaboration":[112],"to":[113,137,156,190],"generate":[114],"customized":[115],"activities.":[124,223],"Taking":[125],"mathematics":[126,142,193],"lessons":[127],"as":[128],"our":[129],"example,":[130],"EduPlanner":[131,211],"employs":[132],"novel":[134],"Skill-Tree":[135],"structure":[136],"accurately":[138],"model":[139],"background":[141],"knowledge":[143,158],"student":[145],"groups,":[146],"personalizing":[147],"activities":[154],"according":[155],"levels":[159],"abilities.":[162],"Additionally,":[163],"introduce":[165],"CIDDP,":[167],"five-dimensional":[170],"evaluation":[171],"module":[172],"encompassing":[173],"<bold":[174,177,180,183,187],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[175,178,181,184,188,245],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">C</b>larity,":[176],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">I</b>ntegrity,":[179],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">D</b>epth,":[182],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">P</b>racticality,":[185],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">P</b>ertinence,":[189],"comprehensively":[191],"assess":[192],"lesson":[194],"plan":[195],"quality":[196],"bootstrap":[198],"optimization.":[200],"Experiments":[201],"conducted":[202],"GSM8K":[205],"Algebra":[207],"datasets":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"that":[210],"excels":[212],"evaluating":[214],"Ablation":[224],"studies":[225],"further":[226],"validate":[227],"significance":[229],"each":[233],"component":[234],"within":[235],"framework.":[237],"Our":[238],"code":[239],"is":[240],"publicly":[241],"available":[242],"at":[243],"<uri":[244],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/Zc0812/Edu_Planner</uri>.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
