{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394698991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2024.3386098","title":"Reconceptualizing Self-Directed Learning in the Era of Generative AI: An Exploratory Analysis of Language Learning","display_name":"Reconceptualizing Self-Directed Learning in the Era of Generative AI: An Exploratory Analysis of Language Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394698991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2024.3386098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3386098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2024.3386098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027520775","display_name":"Belle Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Belle Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018804352","display_name":"Curtis J. Bonk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6365-9502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Curtis J. Bonk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043557866","display_name":"Chaoran Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-2757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27504731","display_name":"Colby College","ror":"https://ror.org/00fvyjk73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27504731"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27504731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064863710","display_name":"Xiaojing Kou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-9960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojing Kou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027520775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9760045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"1489","last_page":"1503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7038998007774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6962655782699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"Language acquisition","score":0.4961312711238861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.485705703496933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thematic-analysis","display_name":"Thematic analysis","score":0.4853886365890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-research","display_name":"Exploratory research","score":0.44660383462905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.344786137342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33899521827697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.2599296569824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.19865953922271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.18900585174560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16361099481582642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.10758659243583679}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038998007774353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6962655782699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4961312711238861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.485705703496933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.4853886365890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.44660383462905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.344786137342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33899521827697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2599296569824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.19865953922271729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18900585174560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16361099481582642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.10758659243583679}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3386098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2024.3386098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:docs.lib.purdue.edu:edcipubs-1019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/edcipubs/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196310","display_name":"Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801333002","host_organization_name":"Purdue University System","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801333002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600139126","https://openalex.org/W1799214817","https://openalex.org/W1970131054","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1980491081","https://openalex.org/W2021765444","https://openalex.org/W2023932926","https://openalex.org/W2036837007","https://openalex.org/W2041492213","https://openalex.org/W2056815610","https://openalex.org/W2060584975","https://openalex.org/W2063830206","https://openalex.org/W2115262902","https://openalex.org/W2133766618","https://openalex.org/W2162526892","https://openalex.org/W2164252499","https://openalex.org/W2169276809","https://openalex.org/W2186045299","https://openalex.org/W2471993733","https://openalex.org/W2620276187","https://openalex.org/W2751273807","https://openalex.org/W2765183765","https://openalex.org/W2771276980","https://openalex.org/W2900239860","https://openalex.org/W2991425341","https://openalex.org/W3108531174","https://openalex.org/W3125637486","https://openalex.org/W3139493055","https://openalex.org/W3141069570","https://openalex.org/W3182917413","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W3204718649","https://openalex.org/W3209702151","https://openalex.org/W3215201135","https://openalex.org/W4210800707","https://openalex.org/W4225246777","https://openalex.org/W4248501032","https://openalex.org/W4308145371","https://openalex.org/W4313332472","https://openalex.org/W4313678819","https://openalex.org/W4316041216","https://openalex.org/W4319350602","https://openalex.org/W4319460874","https://openalex.org/W4323536358","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4324130227","https://openalex.org/W4360980141","https://openalex.org/W4362454166","https://openalex.org/W4362516849","https://openalex.org/W4362584541","https://openalex.org/W4365139036","https://openalex.org/W4365143687","https://openalex.org/W4367048904","https://openalex.org/W4377227441","https://openalex.org/W4378084879","https://openalex.org/W4380624606","https://openalex.org/W4381325222","https://openalex.org/W4381513227","https://openalex.org/W4382133845","https://openalex.org/W4384156431","https://openalex.org/W4384929034","https://openalex.org/W4385223296","https://openalex.org/W4385293522","https://openalex.org/W4386070266","https://openalex.org/W4387665600","https://openalex.org/W4387671439","https://openalex.org/W4388588313","https://openalex.org/W4388624829","https://openalex.org/W4390921168","https://openalex.org/W6683477841","https://openalex.org/W6684529569","https://openalex.org/W6686673259","https://openalex.org/W6705095642","https://openalex.org/W6732404139","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6848767103","https://openalex.org/W6849172783","https://openalex.org/W6850548326","https://openalex.org/W6851391992","https://openalex.org/W6853895427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4287117424","https://openalex.org/W4387506531","https://openalex.org/W4238433571","https://openalex.org/W3174044702","https://openalex.org/W2967848559","https://openalex.org/W4299831724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,73],"exploratory":[1],"analysis":[2,43],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,23,90,107,113,127,137,151],"integration":[5],"of":[6,25,37,44,56,65,70,78,110,117,123,139,153],"ChatGPT":[7,26,57,80,140],"in":[8,27,39,68,112],"self-directed":[9],"learning":[10,20,102,128,154],"(SDL).":[11],"Specifically,":[12],"this":[13],"study":[14,135],"examines":[15],"YouTube":[16],"content":[17],"creators'":[18],"language":[19],"experiences":[21],"and":[22,33,49,63,93,99,105,147,156],"role":[24],"their":[28,100],"SDL,":[29,59],"building":[30],"upon":[31],"Song":[32],"Hill's":[34],"conceptual":[35],"model":[36],"SDL":[38,66,83,111,131],"online":[40],"contexts.":[41],"Thematic":[42],"interviews":[45],"with":[46,120],"19":[47],"YouTubers":[48],"relevant":[50],"video":[51],"contents":[52],"reveals":[53],"distinct":[54,87],"constructs":[55],"integrated":[58],"suggesting":[60],"a":[61,142],"reconceptualization":[62],"refinement":[64],"framework":[67,74],"consideration":[69],"generative":[71,118],"AI.":[72],"emphasizes":[75],"critical":[76],"aspects":[77],"utilizing":[79],"as":[81,141],"an":[82],"tool":[84,143],"on":[85,158],"two":[86],"levels:":[88],"(1)":[89],"interactive":[91],"relationships":[92],"interplay":[94],"between":[95],"learners'":[96],"personal":[97],"traits":[98],"ongoing":[101],"processes":[103],"(local),":[104],"(2)":[106],"evolving":[108],"nature":[109],"rapidly":[114],"advancing":[115],"landscape":[116],"AI,":[119],"socio-political-cultural":[121],"foundations":[122],"AI":[124],"constantly":[125],"shaping":[126],"environment":[129],"where":[130],"occurs":[132],"(global).":[133],"The":[134],"highlights":[136],"potential":[138],"for":[144,150],"promoting":[145],"SDLL":[146],"provides":[148],"implications":[149],"development":[152],"technologies":[155],"research":[157],"AI-facilitated":[159],"SDL.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
