{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381189249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2023.3286612","title":"Heterogeneity in Extended Reality Influences Procedural Knowledge Gain and Operation Training","display_name":"Heterogeneity in Extended Reality Influences Procedural Knowledge Gain and Operation Training","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381189249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2023.3286612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2023.3286612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2023.3286612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052425125","display_name":"Jiu Yong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7244-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiu Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Center of Railway Traffic Information and Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Center of Railway Traffic Information and Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027428789","display_name":"Jianguo Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8964-9759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102836357","display_name":"Yangping Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6226-0460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangping Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Center of Railway Traffic Information and Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Center of Railway Traffic Information and Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101515499","display_name":"Jianwu Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-5758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133134087","display_name":"Lanzhou Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/03144pv92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwu Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Center of Railway Traffic Information and Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Center of Railway Traffic Information and Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133134087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110523603","display_name":"Xiaomei Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105580","display_name":"Gansu Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/01e99ef13","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomei Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Information and Technological Supporting Center, Gansu Province Meteorological Bureau, Lanzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Information and Technological Supporting Center, Gansu Province Meteorological Bureau, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082286929","display_name":"Wenhuan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhuan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052425125"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743","https://openalex.org/I3133134087"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8514,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87559821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"6","first_page":"1014","last_page":"1033"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7016276121139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-knowledge","display_name":"Procedural knowledge","score":0.6589183807373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6103824973106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactivity","display_name":"Interactivity","score":0.5857024788856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-memory","display_name":"Procedural memory","score":0.5844390988349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.468459814786911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.46379169821739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.4244166612625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3439072370529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3323163390159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.30063068866729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15102878212928772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7016276121139526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124469403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813993","display_name":"Procedural knowledge","level":3,"score":0.6589183807373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6103824973106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144430266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839721","display_name":"Interactivity","level":2,"score":0.5857024788856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18606","display_name":"Procedural memory","level":3,"score":0.5844390988349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.468459814786911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.46379169821739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.4244166612625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3439072370529175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3323163390159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.30063068866729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15102878212928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2023.3286612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2023.3286612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1498960814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62067006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8839989051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23JRRA845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322880","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322880","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2228329932","https://openalex.org/W2311815372","https://openalex.org/W2324531903","https://openalex.org/W2488074873","https://openalex.org/W2510908697","https://openalex.org/W2517209484","https://openalex.org/W2531535642","https://openalex.org/W2575400625","https://openalex.org/W2592564721","https://openalex.org/W2737466622","https://openalex.org/W2738929809","https://openalex.org/W2767600013","https://openalex.org/W2770934685","https://openalex.org/W2800786311","https://openalex.org/W2808736338","https://openalex.org/W2892434319","https://openalex.org/W2935878216","https://openalex.org/W2951738939","https://openalex.org/W2955556477","https://openalex.org/W2957319803","https://openalex.org/W2963207528","https://openalex.org/W2967564969","https://openalex.org/W2968007757","https://openalex.org/W2973591215","https://openalex.org/W2977192500","https://openalex.org/W2981222700","https://openalex.org/W2990295915","https://openalex.org/W2990502153","https://openalex.org/W2995065029","https://openalex.org/W2999944408","https://openalex.org/W3002004994","https://openalex.org/W3007892423","https://openalex.org/W3008536585","https://openalex.org/W3015055137","https://openalex.org/W3017162980","https://openalex.org/W3018985617","https://openalex.org/W3027547354","https://openalex.org/W3028790033","https://openalex.org/W3030462996","https://openalex.org/W3031977835","https://openalex.org/W3034025485","https://openalex.org/W3035052333","https://openalex.org/W3037389028","https://openalex.org/W3095940868","https://openalex.org/W3113924155","https://openalex.org/W3119943493","https://openalex.org/W3122640303","https://openalex.org/W3123774481","https://openalex.org/W3127290767","https://openalex.org/W3153460213","https://openalex.org/W3157015490","https://openalex.org/W3158774170","https://openalex.org/W3164012715","https://openalex.org/W3196397154","https://openalex.org/W3199335549","https://openalex.org/W3204614729","https://openalex.org/W3206059293","https://openalex.org/W3211541947","https://openalex.org/W3211746401","https://openalex.org/W3212677059","https://openalex.org/W4200135186","https://openalex.org/W4200344160","https://openalex.org/W4205752201","https://openalex.org/W4206771131","https://openalex.org/W4206930205","https://openalex.org/W4210354658","https://openalex.org/W4210795595","https://openalex.org/W4214853615","https://openalex.org/W4220735007","https://openalex.org/W4221020844","https://openalex.org/W4221105860","https://openalex.org/W4225888012","https://openalex.org/W4229025962","https://openalex.org/W4281863135","https://openalex.org/W4282826727","https://openalex.org/W4294529766","https://openalex.org/W4320070415","https://openalex.org/W6745292179"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040127838","https://openalex.org/W2903911012","https://openalex.org/W2050028130","https://openalex.org/W2008704418","https://openalex.org/W4280642453","https://openalex.org/W2111933814","https://openalex.org/W4399539751","https://openalex.org/W1989837870","https://openalex.org/W2087089005","https://openalex.org/W2348614783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extended":[0],"reality":[1,9,12,16],"(XR)":[2],"is":[3,189,205,241],"a":[4,55,143,164,169],"general":[5],"term":[6],"for":[7,32,255],"virtual":[8],"(VR),":[10],"augmented":[11],"(AR),":[13],"and":[14,43,53,70,78,85,91,102,123,130,142,163,198,218,262],"mixed":[15],"(MR).":[17],"By":[18],"converting":[19],"abstract":[20],"digital":[21],"expressions":[22],"into":[23],"intelligent":[24],"feedback":[25],"through":[26],"figures,":[27],"one":[28],"can":[29],"effectively":[30],"compensate":[31],"the":[33,48,62,93,127,133,179,208,213,221,244,260],"poor":[34],"performance":[35],"of":[36,58,65,95,132,156,166,172,216,223,246,264],"traditional":[37],"learning":[38,225],"in":[39,119,234],"deep":[40],"cognitive":[41,80,235,239,266],"processing":[42],"operational":[44,83],"skills":[45],"training.":[46,104],"However,":[47],"extant":[49],"results":[50,183],"are":[51],"uncertain,":[52],"only":[54],"limited":[56],"number":[57],"studies":[59],"have":[60],"investigated":[61],"influence":[63,94],"mechanism":[64],"heterogeneity":[66,97],"among":[67],"VR,":[68],"AR,":[69],"MR":[71,227],"on":[72,98,126],"procedural":[73,99,128,147,161,193,224,247,265],"knowledge":[74,86,100,159],"learning,":[75],"higher-level":[76],"presence":[77],"generative":[79],"processing,":[81],"higher-quality":[82],"behavior,":[84],"transfer.":[87],"This":[88],"study":[89,252],"explored":[90],"analyzed":[92],"XR":[96,139,177,257],"gain":[101],"operation":[103,194],"Participants":[105],"(":[106],"<italic":[107],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[108],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>":[109],"=":[110],"127)":[111],"were":[112,150],"recruited":[113],"from":[114],"junior":[115],"undergraduate":[116],"students":[117],"majoring":[118],"rail":[120],"traffic":[121],"signal":[122],"control.":[124],"Based":[125],"disassembly":[129],"assembly":[131],"ZD6":[134],"electric":[135],"switch":[136],"machine,":[137],"an":[138,232],"pretraining":[140],"system":[141,149],"3-D-printed":[144],"combined":[145],"virtual-real":[146],"training":[148],"developed":[151],"to":[152,192,231,243,258],"collect":[153],"three":[154],"types":[155],"data":[157],"regarding":[158],"gain,":[160],"training,":[162],"set":[165],"questionnaires.":[167],"Subsequently,":[168],"one-way":[170],"analysis":[171],"variance":[173],"was":[174],"conducted":[175],"with":[176,207],"as":[178],"moderator":[180],"variable.":[181],"The":[182],"indicate":[184],"that":[185],"fully":[186],"immersive":[187],"VR":[188],"more":[190],"conducive":[191,242],"training;":[195],"however,":[196],"space":[197],"real":[199],"factors":[200],"must":[201],"be":[202],"considered.":[203],"AR":[204],"consistent":[206],"learner's":[209],"operating":[210],"habits,":[211],"but":[212,237],"corresponding":[214],"lack":[215],"immersion":[217],"interactivity":[219],"restricts":[220],"improvement":[222],"effects.":[226],"multimodal":[228],"perception":[229,261],"leads":[230],"increase":[233],"load,":[236],"moderate":[238],"pressure":[240],"cultivation":[245],"cognition":[248],"skills.":[249],"Furthermore,":[250],"this":[251],"proposes":[253],"suggestions":[254],"using":[256],"intensify":[259],"understanding":[263],"actions.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}