{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312971677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577","title":"iSnap: Evolution and Evaluation of a Data-Driven Hint System for Block-Based Programming","display_name":"iSnap: Evolution and Evaluation of a Data-Driven Hint System for Block-Based Programming","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312971677","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005168403","display_name":"Samiha Marwan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-3395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samiha Marwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064676990","display_name":"Thomas Price","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9375-2292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas W. Price","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005168403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89988698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"399","last_page":"413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8149161338806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6573371887207031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.653453528881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.38149136304855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36683356761932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2551654577255249}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8149161338806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6573371887207031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.653453528881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.38149136304855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36683356761932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2551654577255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2022.3223577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15150874","https://openalex.org/W177326080","https://openalex.org/W182096324","https://openalex.org/W183173153","https://openalex.org/W1536351568","https://openalex.org/W1942315593","https://openalex.org/W1984486655","https://openalex.org/W1995133614","https://openalex.org/W2008426047","https://openalex.org/W2016385238","https://openalex.org/W2019387838","https://openalex.org/W2035126508","https://openalex.org/W2039029631","https://openalex.org/W2065070540","https://openalex.org/W2104855092","https://openalex.org/W2105543722","https://openalex.org/W2125829696","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2148540129","https://openalex.org/W2158703238","https://openalex.org/W2168546954","https://openalex.org/W2182489632","https://openalex.org/W2185836578","https://openalex.org/W2231051615","https://openalex.org/W2237600160","https://openalex.org/W2246775628","https://openalex.org/W2338184685","https://openalex.org/W2344752727","https://openalex.org/W2397837360","https://openalex.org/W2475454661","https://openalex.org/W2523566863","https://openalex.org/W2549453003","https://openalex.org/W2604398661","https://openalex.org/W2605403059","https://openalex.org/W2660393804","https://openalex.org/W2746128040","https://openalex.org/W2746960282","https://openalex.org/W2754967069","https://openalex.org/W2772911939","https://openalex.org/W2791302163","https://openalex.org/W2805522226","https://openalex.org/W2809419945","https://openalex.org/W2886150761","https://openalex.org/W2917619664","https://openalex.org/W2940692950","https://openalex.org/W2946643708","https://openalex.org/W2963562081","https://openalex.org/W2966150097","https://openalex.org/W2969260140","https://openalex.org/W3000130654","https://openalex.org/W3010383937","https://openalex.org/W3032979151","https://openalex.org/W3039376843","https://openalex.org/W3045123719","https://openalex.org/W3047890686","https://openalex.org/W3048222927","https://openalex.org/W3107690577","https://openalex.org/W3113233322","https://openalex.org/W3159156554","https://openalex.org/W4239816899","https://openalex.org/W4302233387","https://openalex.org/W6682953860","https://openalex.org/W6685789304","https://openalex.org/W6692511602","https://openalex.org/W6744261581","https://openalex.org/W6745831840","https://openalex.org/W6751373637","https://openalex.org/W6781471551","https://openalex.org/W6786248576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Novice":[0],"programmers":[1],"often":[2],"struggle":[3],"on":[4,13,80,169,184],"assignments,":[5],"and":[6,24,83,142,172,187,219],"timely":[7],"help,":[8],"such":[9,42,78],"as":[10],"a":[11,105,150,244],"hint":[12,145],"what":[14,89],"to":[15,22,40,57,62,124,161,226,235],"do":[16],"next,":[17],"can":[18],"help":[19,63],"students":[20,64,176],"continue":[21],"progress":[23],"learn,":[25],"rather":[26],"than":[27,195],"giving":[28],"up.":[29],"However,":[30],"in":[31,116,153,192,229,243],"large":[32],"programming":[33,107,190],"classrooms,":[34],"it":[35],"is":[36,86,233],"hard":[37],"for":[38,45],"instructors":[39],"provide":[41],"real-time":[43],"support":[44],"every":[46],"student.":[47],"Researchers":[48],"have,":[49],"therefore,":[50],"put":[51],"tremendous":[52],"effort":[53],"into":[54],"developing":[55],"algorithms":[56],"generate":[58],"automated":[59],"data-driven":[60,113],"hints":[61,79,94,115,133,168,181,204,224],"at":[65],"scale.":[66],"Despite":[67],"this,":[68],"few":[69],"controlled":[70,151],"studies":[71,218],"have":[72,188],"directly":[73],"evaluated":[74],"the":[75,163,179,214,220,237],"impact":[76,164,208,242],"of":[77,165,216,222,239],"students'":[81,170,209],"performance":[82,171],"learning.":[84,173,210],"It":[85],"also":[87,212],"unclear":[88],"specific":[90],"design":[91,136],"features":[92],"make":[93],"more":[95],"or":[96],"less":[97],"effective.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"article,":[101],"we":[102,148],"present":[103],"iSnap,":[104],"block-based":[106],"environment":[108],"that":[109,203],"provides":[110],"novices":[111],"with":[112,134],"next-step":[114,132,240],"real":[117,245],"time.":[118],"This":[119],"article":[120],"describes":[121],"our":[122],"improvements":[123],"iSnap":[125],"over":[126,158],"four":[127],"years,":[128],"including":[129],"its":[130],"\u201cenhanced\u201d":[131],"three":[135],"features:":[137],"textual":[138],"explanations,":[139],"self-explanation":[140],"prompts,":[141],"an":[143,154],"adaptive":[144],"display.":[146],"Moreover,":[147],"conducted":[149],"study":[152],"authentic":[155],"classroom":[156,217,246],"setting":[157],"several":[159],"weeks":[160],"evaluate":[162],"iSnap's":[166],"enhanced":[167,180,223],"We":[174,211],"found":[175],"who":[177,197],"received":[178],"perform":[182],"better":[183],"in-class":[185],"assignments":[186,194],"higher":[189],"efficiency":[191],"homework":[193],"those":[196],"did":[198,205],"not":[199,206],"receive":[200],"hints,":[201],"but":[202],"significantly":[207],"discuss":[213],"challenges":[215],"implications":[221],"compared":[225],"prior":[227],"evaluations":[228],"laboratory":[230],"settings,":[231],"which":[232],"essential":[234],"validate":[236],"efficacy":[238],"hints'":[241],"experience.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}