{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2950757501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2922356","title":"DeepStealth: Game-Based Learning Stealth Assessment With Deep Neural Networks","display_name":"DeepStealth: Game-Based Learning Stealth Assessment With Deep Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2950757501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2922356","mag":"2950757501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2019.2922356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2922356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074725004","display_name":"Wookhee Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8900-0514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wookhee Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025766216","display_name":"Megan Frankosky","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan H. Frankosky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Devices Group, Lenovo, Morrisville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Devices Group, Lenovo, Morrisville, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089705996","display_name":"Bradford Mott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3303-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradford W. Mott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085880418","display_name":"Jonathan Rowe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2038-9239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan P. Rowe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081760286","display_name":"Andy Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-6635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088202585","display_name":"Eric Wiebe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-5225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Wiebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of STEM Education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of STEM Education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549993","display_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3434-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristy Elizabeth Boyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074470380","display_name":"James C. Lester","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-6601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Lester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074725004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5985,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97364192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"312","last_page":"325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8322495818138123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.7956726551055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7647716999053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6814576983451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6752158403396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5803197622299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5722799897193909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crfs","display_name":"CRFS","score":0.48698267340660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-learning","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","score":0.4625173807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.46107152104377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.45691922307014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4557774066925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4434869587421417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.3520597219467163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8322495818138123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.7956726551055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7647716999053955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6814576983451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6752158403396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5803197622299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5722799897193909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775953691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013874","display_name":"CRFS","level":3,"score":0.48698267340660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781002164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822311","display_name":"Meta learning (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4625173807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.46107152104377747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.45691922307014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4557774066925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4434869587421417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.3520597219467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2019.2922356","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2922356","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1524267529","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1640141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8902803781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1138497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28755227","https://openalex.org/W44669899","https://openalex.org/W86367895","https://openalex.org/W123693119","https://openalex.org/W167055561","https://openalex.org/W650350307","https://openalex.org/W1483702380","https://openalex.org/W1518664880","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1596401170","https://openalex.org/W1877183374","https://openalex.org/W1941654325","https://openalex.org/W1959691478","https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1966019262","https://openalex.org/W1966945364","https://openalex.org/W1987868810","https://openalex.org/W1993225241","https://openalex.org/W1998953386","https://openalex.org/W2002861628","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2016863387","https://openalex.org/W2031248101","https://openalex.org/W2037668503","https://openalex.org/W2039681496","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2068910005","https://openalex.org/W2074765208","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2097998348","https://openalex.org/W2100029531","https://openalex.org/W2109638824","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2117122404","https://openalex.org/W2117968346","https://openalex.org/W2121475339","https://openalex.org/W2127260529","https://openalex.org/W2128783070","https://openalex.org/W2129999749","https://openalex.org/W2134778201","https://openalex.org/W2138857742","https://openalex.org/W2142733603","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2162119800","https://openalex.org/W2165666215","https://openalex.org/W2168781129","https://openalex.org/W2213620591","https://openalex.org/W2217569420","https://openalex.org/W2262544253","https://openalex.org/W2278937197","https://openalex.org/W2296609965","https://openalex.org/W2303127372","https://openalex.org/W2339067742","https://openalex.org/W2358949323","https://openalex.org/W2550883893","https://openalex.org/W2560525342","https://openalex.org/W2573645042","https://openalex.org/W2603062014","https://openalex.org/W2619383789","https://openalex.org/W2624871570","https://openalex.org/W2716988984","https://openalex.org/W2732301027","https://openalex.org/W2739757962","https://openalex.org/W2892640267","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2908479501","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2975801009","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W3005052618","https://openalex.org/W4206192903","https://openalex.org/W4246301396","https://openalex.org/W4249332350","https://openalex.org/W4253892544","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6601145680","https://openalex.org/W6621483976","https://openalex.org/W6629013490","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6676481782","https://openalex.org/W6678343118","https://openalex.org/W6680300913","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6681318533","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6683690370","https://openalex.org/W6688305661","https://openalex.org/W6730571071","https://openalex.org/W6731984678","https://openalex.org/W6739365718","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6754989633","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6758393487","https://openalex.org/W7008816920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055466819","https://openalex.org/W50079190","https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W182104056","https://openalex.org/W2111726165","https://openalex.org/W2011251309","https://openalex.org/W2796133761","https://openalex.org/W3088215229","https://openalex.org/W2511246383","https://openalex.org/W2937192905"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"distinctive":[1],"feature":[2,77,163,235],"of":[3,19,108,166],"game-based":[4,26,197],"learning":[5,27,198],"environments":[6],"is":[7,184],"their":[8],"capacity":[9],"for":[10,120,147,200],"enabling":[11],"stealth":[12,68,87,209],"assessment.":[13],"Stealth":[14],"assessment":[15,69],"analyzes":[16],"a":[17,25,65,106,196],"stream":[18],"fine-grained":[20],"student":[21],"interaction":[22,115],"data":[23,116,187],"from":[24,112,189,233,238],"environment":[28,199],"to":[29,85,117,151,217],"dynamically":[30],"draw":[31],"inferences":[32],"about":[33],"students'":[34,149],"competencies":[35],"through":[36],"evidence-centered":[37,40],"design.":[38],"In":[39],"design,":[41],"evidence":[42,96,101,119,127],"models":[43,102],"have":[44],"been":[45,83],"traditionally":[46],"designed":[47],"using":[48,58,105,186],"statistical":[49],"rules":[50],"authored":[51],"by":[52],"domain":[53],"experts":[54],"that":[55,71,80,207,226],"are":[56,103],"encoded":[57,136],"Bayesian":[59],"networks.":[60],"This":[61],"article":[62],"presents":[63],"DeepStealth,":[64],"deep":[66,93,125],"learning-based":[67,126],"framework,":[70,100],"yields":[72],"significant":[73],"reductions":[74],"in":[75],"the":[76,177],"engineering":[78],"labor":[79],"has":[81],"previously":[82],"required":[84],"create":[86],"assessments.":[88],"DeepStealth":[89],"utilizes":[90],"end-to-end":[91],"trainable":[92],"neural":[94,138],"network-based":[95],"models.":[97,160],"Using":[98],"this":[99],"devised":[104],"set":[107],"predictive":[109,145,218],"features":[110],"captured":[111],"raw,":[113],"low-level":[114],"infer":[118],"competencies.":[121],"We":[122,141,161,224],"investigate":[123],"two":[124],"models,":[128],"long":[129],"short-term":[130],"memory":[131],"networks":[132,139],"(LSTMs)":[133],"and":[134,157,170,174,220,229,243],"n-gram":[135],"feedforward":[137],"(FFNNs).":[140],"compare":[142],"these":[143],"models'":[144,178],"performance":[146],"inferring":[148],"knowledge":[150],"linear-chain":[152],"conditional":[153],"random":[154],"fields":[155],"(CRFs)":[156],"na\u00efve":[158],"Bayes":[159],"perform":[162],"set-level":[164],"analyses":[165],"game":[167,240],"trace":[168,241],"logs":[169,242],"external":[171,244],"pre-learning":[172,245],"measures,":[173],"we":[175],"examine":[176],"early":[179,221],"prediction":[180,222],"capacity.":[181,223],"The":[182],"framework":[183],"evaluated":[185],"collected":[188],"182":[190],"middle":[191,201],"school":[192],"students":[193],"interacting":[194],"with":[195,215],"grade":[202],"computational":[203],"thinking.":[204],"Results":[205],"indicate":[206],"LSTM-based":[208],"assessors":[210],"outperform":[211],"competitive":[212],"baseline":[213],"approaches":[214],"respect":[216],"accuracy":[219],"find":[225],"LSTMs,":[227],"FFNNs,":[228],"CRFs":[230],"all":[231],"benefit":[232],"combined":[234],"sets":[236],"derived":[237],"both":[239],"measures.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
