{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2940692210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2912162","title":"Developing Early Detectors of Student Attrition and Wheel Spinning Using Deep Learning","display_name":"Developing Early Detectors of Student Attrition and Wheel Spinning Using Deep Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2940692210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2912162","mag":"2940692210"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2019.2912162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2912162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016746228","display_name":"Anthony F. Botelho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-4959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony F. Botelho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7373-4959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068031179","display_name":"Ashvini Varatharaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-0743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashvini Varatharaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082375962","display_name":"Thanaporn Patikorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9879-2709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanaporn Patikorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058254487","display_name":"Diana Doherty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Doherty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004599746","display_name":"Seth Adjei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-597X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168416876","display_name":"Northern Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k44g025","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth A. Adjei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-597X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168416876"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108513197","display_name":"Joseph E. Beck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph E. Beck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016746228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96545795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"158","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.7592645883560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-analytics","display_name":"Learning analytics","score":0.7302363514900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6433292627334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persistence","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","score":0.6314526796340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-technology","display_name":"Educational technology","score":0.44498586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attrition","display_name":"Attrition","score":0.4413793087005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.43432751297950745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41118985414505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3908888101577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3895093500614166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.32478395104408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3197740614414215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20101356506347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09563037753105164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.7592645883560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845208","display_name":"Learning analytics","level":2,"score":0.7302363514900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6433292627334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170389","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","level":2,"score":0.6314526796340942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16443162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Educational technology","level":2,"score":0.44498586654663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780553607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684868","display_name":"Attrition","level":2,"score":0.4413793087005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.43432751297950745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41118985414505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3908888101577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3895093500614166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32478395104408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3197740614414215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20101356506347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09563037753105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tlt.2019.2912162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tlt.2019.2912162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130363450","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","issn_l":"1939-1382","issn":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1262885910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE-1535428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1831927538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1252297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3929646502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-1724889","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5280722462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1109483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5672457875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305C100024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5906920533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305A120125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7058108269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ACI-1440753","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7269904272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL-1316736","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7582322368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IES R305A180401","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7832657248","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-1822830","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G827624318","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DRL1031398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8285008644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-1636782","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","display_name":"U.S. Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/021adze67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133284495","https://openalex.org/W650350307","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1802322323","https://openalex.org/W1973398808","https://openalex.org/W1975854845","https://openalex.org/W1995864528","https://openalex.org/W1999414944","https://openalex.org/W2006617902","https://openalex.org/W2007642052","https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2016757206","https://openalex.org/W2020018978","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105507325","https://openalex.org/W2106837051","https://openalex.org/W2117535423","https://openalex.org/W2130655523","https://openalex.org/W2156390601","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2295164685","https://openalex.org/W2341745042","https://openalex.org/W2414670006","https://openalex.org/W2573923578","https://openalex.org/W2574518178","https://openalex.org/W2606234010","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2699539148","https://openalex.org/W2799194347","https://openalex.org/W2889833238","https://openalex.org/W2893644004","https://openalex.org/W2894001402","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2963545717","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964195932","https://openalex.org/W4243639737","https://openalex.org/W4245000930","https://openalex.org/W6605467112","https://openalex.org/W6621483976","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6654527136","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6676001293","https://openalex.org/W6696954711","https://openalex.org/W6704546155","https://openalex.org/W6731796622","https://openalex.org/W6732172084","https://openalex.org/W6740015740","https://openalex.org/W6750943009","https://openalex.org/W6752035825","https://openalex.org/W6754546095","https://openalex.org/W6755088390","https://openalex.org/W6755491862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944277854","https://openalex.org/W2258359646","https://openalex.org/W2493324121","https://openalex.org/W4234402960","https://openalex.org/W4210958110","https://openalex.org/W2483613126","https://openalex.org/W1969175355","https://openalex.org/W1982096363","https://openalex.org/W3167842206","https://openalex.org/W4377140396"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increased":[1],"usage":[2],"of":[3,101,103,128,140,174,186,209],"computer-based":[4],"learning":[5,25,39,70,77,113,117,226],"platforms":[6],"and":[7,34,118,125,144,154,179,182,198,201],"online":[8],"tools":[9],"in":[10,23,62,137,163],"classrooms":[11],"presents":[12],"new":[13,78],"opportunities":[14],"to":[15,32,50,53,73,122,166,194,206,213,231,238,245],"not":[16,84,93],"only":[17,48],"study":[18,123],"the":[19,24,58,95,104,138,169,215],"underlying":[20],"constructs":[21],"involved":[22],"process,":[26],"but":[27],"also":[28],"use":[29],"this":[30,61,107],"information":[31],"identify":[33,232],"aid":[35,52,240],"struggling":[36],"students.":[37],"Many":[38],"platforms,":[40],"particularly":[41],"those":[42],"driving":[43],"or":[44],"supplementing":[45],"instruction,":[46],"are":[47,204,243],"able":[49,205],"provide":[51],"students":[54,74,241],"who":[55,242],"interact":[56],"with":[57],"system.":[59],"With":[60],"mind,":[63],"student":[64,96,152,160,229],"persistence":[65,82,176],"emerges":[66],"as":[67,151],"a":[68,99,111],"prominent":[69,135],"construct":[71],"contributing":[72],"success":[75],"when":[76,233],"material.":[79,105],"Conversely,":[80],"high":[81,124,156],"is":[83],"always":[85],"productive":[86],"for":[87],"students,":[88],"where":[89],"additional":[90],"practice":[91],"does":[92],"help":[94],"move":[97],"toward":[98],"state":[100],"mastery":[102],"In":[106],"paper,":[108],"we":[109],"apply":[110],"transfer":[112],"methodology":[114],"using":[115],"deep":[116],"traditional":[119],"modeling":[120],"techniques":[121],"low":[126,148],"representations":[127],"unproductive":[129,155,175,247],"persistence.":[130,248],"We":[131,189,217],"focus":[132],"on":[133],"two":[134],"problems":[136],"fields":[139],"educational":[141],"data":[142],"mining":[143],"learner":[145],"analytics":[146],"representing":[147],"persistence,":[149,157],"characterized":[150],"\u201cstopout,\u201d":[153],"operationalized":[158],"through":[159],"\u201cwheel":[161],"spinning,\u201d":[162],"an":[164],"effort":[165],"better":[167],"understand":[168],"relationship":[170],"between":[171],"these":[172,187,221],"measures":[173],"(i.e.,":[177],"stopout":[178,200],"wheel":[180,202],"spinning)":[181],"develop":[183],"early":[184],"detectors":[185],"behaviors.":[188],"find":[190],"that":[191,211],"models":[192,222],"developed":[193],"detect":[195],"each":[196,225],"within":[197,228],"across-assignment":[199],"spinning":[203],"learn":[207],"sets":[208],"features":[210],"generalize":[212],"predict":[214],"other.":[216],"further":[218],"observe":[219],"how":[220],"perform":[223],"at":[224],"opportunity":[227],"assignments":[230],"interventions":[234],"may":[235],"be":[236],"deployed":[237],"best":[239],"likely":[244],"exhibit":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
