{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125189051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2026.3655841","title":"DeepCGC: Unveiling the Deep Clustering Mechanism of Fast Graph Condensation","display_name":"DeepCGC: Unveiling the Deep Clustering Mechanism of Fast Graph Condensation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125189051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2026.3655841"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2026.3655841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2026.3655841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123515391","display_name":"Xinyi Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122514471","display_name":"Wenjie Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123506868","display_name":"Tong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123513340","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123467261","display_name":"Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Southport, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122317769","display_name":"Hongzhi Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzhi Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123515391"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14921916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"3","first_page":"1575","last_page":"1588"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.8758000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.8758000135421753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12292","display_name":"Graph Theory and Algorithms","score":0.040800001472234726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-bandwidth","display_name":"Graph bandwidth","score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-partition","display_name":"Graph partition","score":0.32030001282691956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7222999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.47929999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.47769999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35429999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134727501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597073","display_name":"Graph bandwidth","level":5,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48903430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491370","display_name":"Graph partition","level":3,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106937863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236518","display_name":"Power graph analysis","level":3,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018263672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1296251","display_name":"Efficient algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68859911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503724","display_name":"Pattern matching","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96442724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242188","display_name":"Invertible matrix","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197657726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174733","display_name":"Bipartite graph","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2026.3655841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2026.3655841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206953779","https://openalex.org/W2161494102","https://openalex.org/W3045200674","https://openalex.org/W3172620719","https://openalex.org/W4206471589","https://openalex.org/W4312412605","https://openalex.org/W4319300193","https://openalex.org/W4320009727","https://openalex.org/W4379382506","https://openalex.org/W4385567993","https://openalex.org/W4387490658","https://openalex.org/W4391549720","https://openalex.org/W4396758687","https://openalex.org/W4396844305","https://openalex.org/W4400909751","https://openalex.org/W4400910550","https://openalex.org/W4401856698","https://openalex.org/W4401863620","https://openalex.org/W4402011365","https://openalex.org/W4406947305","https://openalex.org/W4409671997","https://openalex.org/W4410089494","https://openalex.org/W4410343055","https://openalex.org/W4412825804","https://openalex.org/W4412825841"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graph":[0,105],"condensation":[1],"(GC)":[2],"improves":[3],"the":[4,29,45,57,62,74,86,97,136],"efficiency":[5,130],"of":[6,48,89],"GNN":[7],"training":[8],"by":[9,161],"condensing":[10],"a":[11,15,80,92,114],"large-scale":[12],"graph":[13,139],"into":[14,44,79],"compact":[16],"synthetic":[17],"graph.":[18],"However,":[19],"existing":[20,157],"GC":[21,90,110],"methods":[22,53],"suffer":[23],"from":[24],"time-consuming":[25],"optimization":[26,46,116],"processes,":[27],"and":[28,64,131],"underlying":[30],"mechanisms":[31],"driving":[32],"their":[33],"effectiveness":[34],"remain":[35],"unexplored.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,69],"paper,":[39],"we":[40,71,101],"provide":[41],"novel":[42],"insights":[43],"strategies":[47],"GC,":[49],"demonstrating":[50],"that":[51,85,112,126],"various":[52],"ultimately":[54],"converge":[55],"to":[56,149,163],"class-level":[58],"feature":[59],"matching":[60,77],"between":[61],"original":[63],"condensed":[65],"graphs.":[66],"Building":[67],"on":[68],"understanding,":[70],"further":[72],"refine":[73],"unified":[75],"class-to-class":[76],"paradigm":[78],"fine-grained":[81],"class-to-node":[82],"paradigm,":[83],"unveiling":[84],"core":[87],"mechanism":[88],"is":[91,167],"class-wise":[93],"clustering":[94],"problem":[95],"in":[96,140],"latent":[98],"space.":[99],"Accordingly,":[100],"propose":[102],"Deep":[103],"Clustering-based":[104],"Condensation":[106],"(DeepCGC),":[107],"an":[108,119],"efficient":[109],"framework":[111],"integrates":[113],"clustering-based":[115],"objective":[117],"with":[118],"invertible":[120],"relay":[121],"model.":[122],"Extensive":[123],"experiments":[124],"show":[125],"DeepCGC":[127],"achieves":[128],"state-of-the-art":[129],"accuracy.":[132],"Notably,":[133],"it":[134],"condenses":[135],"million-scale":[137],"Ogbn-products":[138],"around":[141],"40":[142],"seconds\u2014a":[143],"<inline-formula":[144,150],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[145,151,171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[146,152],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{2}":[147],"\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[148,154],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10^{4}":[153],"speedup":[155],"over":[156],"methods\u2014while":[158],"boosting":[159],"accuracy":[160],"up":[162],"4.6%.":[164],"The":[165],"code":[166],"available":[168],"at":[169],"<uri":[170],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/XYGaoG/DeepCGC</uri>.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}
