{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404238466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3486571","title":"In Search of a Memory-Efficient Framework for Online Cardinality Estimation","display_name":"In Search of a Memory-Efficient Framework for Online Cardinality Estimation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404238466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3486571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3486571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3486571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101358240","display_name":"Xun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9210-3487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9210-3487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101513130","display_name":"Jiaqi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0582-3382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0582-3382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041084615","display_name":"Shiju Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiju Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5185-7595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085217070","display_name":"Hongxuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongxuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101227502","display_name":"Xuntao Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuntao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100428808","display_name":"Guihai Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-1685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guihai Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-1685","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3668,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93710937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"1","first_page":"392","last_page":"407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9401000142097473,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8279197216033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardinality","display_name":"Cardinality (data modeling)","score":0.6927497386932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4733215272426605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.38958507776260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35570016503334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34567582607269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3372730612754822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8279197216033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87117476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362383","display_name":"Cardinality (data modeling)","level":2,"score":0.6927497386932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4733215272426605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38958507776260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35570016503334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34567582607269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3372730612754822}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3486571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3486571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5734398215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62422207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G925928426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601184934","https://openalex.org/W1785933978","https://openalex.org/W1968625547","https://openalex.org/W1982092405","https://openalex.org/W1994926493","https://openalex.org/W2003580796","https://openalex.org/W2008365755","https://openalex.org/W2034302520","https://openalex.org/W2074935284","https://openalex.org/W2078345533","https://openalex.org/W2079136461","https://openalex.org/W2080234606","https://openalex.org/W2081357650","https://openalex.org/W2119714163","https://openalex.org/W2144982963","https://openalex.org/W2148665392","https://openalex.org/W2168305032","https://openalex.org/W2205557629","https://openalex.org/W2439904216","https://openalex.org/W2761338514","https://openalex.org/W2798945787","https://openalex.org/W2808923818","https://openalex.org/W2834288129","https://openalex.org/W2912601938","https://openalex.org/W2969998124","https://openalex.org/W3046981145","https://openalex.org/W3047429575","https://openalex.org/W3047498084","https://openalex.org/W3080797160","https://openalex.org/W3108496275","https://openalex.org/W3145761337","https://openalex.org/W3156973762","https://openalex.org/W3160814718","https://openalex.org/W3169567991","https://openalex.org/W3173382529","https://openalex.org/W3177067869","https://openalex.org/W3186509987","https://openalex.org/W4244556018","https://openalex.org/W4249843299","https://openalex.org/W4289533969","https://openalex.org/W4317889697","https://openalex.org/W6602539005","https://openalex.org/W6628906117","https://openalex.org/W6637096788","https://openalex.org/W6668015197","https://openalex.org/W6753146606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002177687","https://openalex.org/W2058438338","https://openalex.org/W2019471580","https://openalex.org/W2941284322","https://openalex.org/W4224920876","https://openalex.org/W2168299207","https://openalex.org/W4308671316","https://openalex.org/W2920945101","https://openalex.org/W2124475651","https://openalex.org/W2585354854"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"per-flow":[1],"cardinality":[2,22,37,83,88,133],"from":[3],"high-speed":[4],"data":[5,157],"streams":[6],"has":[7],"many":[8],"applications":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"anomaly":[12],"detection":[13],"and":[14,46,112,137,149,155],"resource":[15],"allocation.":[16],"Yet":[17],"despite":[18],"tracking":[19],"single":[20],"flow":[21],"with":[23],"approximation":[24],"algorithms":[25],"offered,":[26],"there":[27],"remain":[28],"algorithmical":[29],"challenges":[30],"for":[31,67,84],"monitoring":[32],"multi-flows":[33,85],"especially":[34],"under":[35,86,153],"unbalanced":[36,87,132],"distribution:":[38],"existing":[39],"methods":[40],"adopt":[41],"a":[42,48,76,92,97],"uniform":[43],"sketch":[44],"layout":[45],"incur":[47],"large":[49],"memory":[50,141],"footprint":[51],"to":[52,60,108,120,169],"achieve":[53,138],"high":[54],"accuracy.":[55],"Furthermore,":[56],"they":[57],"are":[58,106,118],"hard":[59],"implement":[61,144],"in":[62,135,146,164],"the":[63,109,114,122,131],"compact":[64],"hardware":[65],"used":[66],"line-rate":[68],"processing.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74,91],"Couper,":[75],"memory-efficient":[77],"measurement":[78],"framework":[79],"that":[80],"can":[81,128],"estimate":[82],"distribution.":[89],"We":[90,143],"two-layer":[93,126],"structure":[94,127],"based":[95],"on":[96],"classic":[98],"coupon":[99],"collector's":[100],"principle,":[101],"where":[102],"numerous":[103],"mice":[104],"flows":[105,117],"confined":[107],"first":[110],"layer":[111],"only":[113],"potential":[115],"elephant":[116],"allowed":[119],"enter":[121],"second":[123],"layer.":[124],"Our":[125],"better":[129],"fit":[130],"distribution":[134],"practice":[136],"much":[139],"higher":[140],"efficiency.":[142],"Couper":[145],"both":[147],"software":[148],"hardware.":[150],"Extensive":[151],"evaluation":[152],"real-world":[154],"synthetic":[156],"traces":[158],"show":[159],"more":[160],"than":[161],"20\u00d7":[162],"improvements":[163],"terms":[165],"of":[166],"memory-efficiency":[167],"compared":[168],"state-of-the-art.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}