{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402915290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3469578","title":"Large Language Models on Graphs: A Comprehensive Survey","display_name":"Large Language Models on Graphs: A Comprehensive Survey","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402915290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3469578"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3469578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3469578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025877787","display_name":"Bowen Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1295-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100739873","display_name":"Gang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4204-731X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","University of Notre Dame, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009251171","display_name":"Chi Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074821819","display_name":"Meng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3009-519X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","University of Notre Dame, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075033889","display_name":"Heng Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0464-7966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiawei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-2696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025877787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.5503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99701169,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"12","first_page":"8622","last_page":"8642"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9197999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8198468685150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.47141122817993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37254199385643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.35922080278396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3485018014907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.34637826681137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.20220324397087097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8198468685150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.47141122817993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37254199385643005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35922080278396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3485018014907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34637826681137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.20220324397087097}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3469578","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3469578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":203,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103340358","https://openalex.org/W1492230849","https://openalex.org/W1935434993","https://openalex.org/W1975147762","https://openalex.org/W1992156271","https://openalex.org/W2025397044","https://openalex.org/W2087563523","https://openalex.org/W2096541451","https://openalex.org/W2118212234","https://openalex.org/W2153959628","https://openalex.org/W2162630660","https://openalex.org/W2168190036","https://openalex.org/W2170344111","https://openalex.org/W2279278398","https://openalex.org/W2408574227","https://openalex.org/W2511522767","https://openalex.org/W2893359107","https://openalex.org/W2895677720","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899070097","https://openalex.org/W2900484719","https://openalex.org/W2907230994","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2912817604","https://openalex.org/W2920292591","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W2970419734","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2971196067","https://openalex.org/W2972498877","https://openalex.org/W2973114758","https://openalex.org/W2989615256","https://openalex.org/W2997686727","https://openalex.org/W3002924435","https://openalex.org/W3009321976","https://openalex.org/W3010338999","https://openalex.org/W3034471508","https://openalex.org/W3035324702","https://openalex.org/W3036527662","https://openalex.org/W3042770487","https://openalex.org/W3045200674","https://openalex.org/W3046986344","https://openalex.org/W3090892334","https://openalex.org/W3094060150","https://openalex.org/W3094553402","https://openalex.org/W3099847344","https://openalex.org/W3125508839","https://openalex.org/W3151929433","https://openalex.org/W3155224787","https://openalex.org/W3156738579","https://openalex.org/W3169799753","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3185611785","https://openalex.org/W3202608786","https://openalex.org/W3209056694","https://openalex.org/W3214637114","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4212837331","https://openalex.org/W4221153690","https://openalex.org/W4221154673","https://openalex.org/W4226159083","https://openalex.org/W4253028564","https://openalex.org/W4253707770","https://openalex.org/W4254415482","https://openalex.org/W4281706128","https://openalex.org/W4285233612","https://openalex.org/W4304118049","https://openalex.org/W4306179830","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4362664882","https://openalex.org/W4367047045","https://openalex.org/W4376864968","https://openalex.org/W4377091689","https://openalex.org/W4378976562","https://openalex.org/W4385490607","https://openalex.org/W4385562555","https://openalex.org/W4385567522","https://openalex.org/W4385567868","https://openalex.org/W4385568277","https://openalex.org/W4385568380","https://openalex.org/W4385571564","https://openalex.org/W4385571786","https://openalex.org/W4385572408","https://openalex.org/W4385572894","https://openalex.org/W4386804245","https://openalex.org/W4387617009","https://openalex.org/W4388455891","https://openalex.org/W4388979610","https://openalex.org/W4389205832","https://openalex.org/W4389403907","https://openalex.org/W4389519213","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4389519899","https://openalex.org/W4389520308","https://openalex.org/W4389520553","https://openalex.org/W4389520779","https://openalex.org/W4389523861","https://openalex.org/W4389523890","https://openalex.org/W4389888290","https://openalex.org/W4390692489","https://openalex.org/W4391345293","https://openalex.org/W4391558151","https://openalex.org/W4393147025","https://openalex.org/W4393152682","https://openalex.org/W4393159659","https://openalex.org/W4393160302","https://openalex.org/W4393277515","https://openalex.org/W4396597709","https://openalex.org/W4400524696","https://openalex.org/W4400528802","https://openalex.org/W4401023489","https://openalex.org/W4402131044","https://openalex.org/W4402669912","https://openalex.org/W6654186649","https://openalex.org/W6674812091","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6730841190","https://openalex.org/W6736161267","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6759579507","https://openalex.org/W6760423706","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6769504407","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6771917389","https://openalex.org/W6776148200","https://openalex.org/W6776488958","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6796581206","https://openalex.org/W6800875267","https://openalex.org/W6801930474","https://openalex.org/W6802099057","https://openalex.org/W6802215744","https://openalex.org/W6802453983","https://openalex.org/W6802669662","https://openalex.org/W6802881785","https://openalex.org/W6803202227","https://openalex.org/W6803658351","https://openalex.org/W6804049574","https://openalex.org/W6804531267","https://openalex.org/W6809361247","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6810334672","https://openalex.org/W6810671341","https://openalex.org/W6838461927","https://openalex.org/W6838462370","https://openalex.org/W6838865847","https://openalex.org/W6839317784","https://openalex.org/W6842368577","https://openalex.org/W6844194202","https://openalex.org/W6845952779","https://openalex.org/W6846351910","https://openalex.org/W6849093697","https://openalex.org/W6849941170","https://openalex.org/W6850124738","https://openalex.org/W6850450784","https://openalex.org/W6850936240","https://openalex.org/W6851211526","https://openalex.org/W6851318867","https://openalex.org/W6851592950","https://openalex.org/W6851775633","https://openalex.org/W6852072756","https://openalex.org/W6852270047","https://openalex.org/W6852382510","https://openalex.org/W6852418670","https://openalex.org/W6852581021","https://openalex.org/W6853104154","https://openalex.org/W6853465110","https://openalex.org/W6853482260","https://openalex.org/W6854514459","https://openalex.org/W6854743099","https://openalex.org/W6854866820","https://openalex.org/W6854929732","https://openalex.org/W6855045053","https://openalex.org/W6855148524","https://openalex.org/W6855271816","https://openalex.org/W6856050420","https://openalex.org/W6856280527","https://openalex.org/W6856286174","https://openalex.org/W6856707781","https://openalex.org/W6856830087","https://openalex.org/W6856889964","https://openalex.org/W6857143218","https://openalex.org/W6857308986","https://openalex.org/W6857325803","https://openalex.org/W6857344317","https://openalex.org/W6857352978","https://openalex.org/W6857420988","https://openalex.org/W6857484364","https://openalex.org/W6857882944","https://openalex.org/W6861167211","https://openalex.org/W6861670447","https://openalex.org/W6871797783","https://openalex.org/W7064444981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231937131","https://openalex.org/W323219885","https://openalex.org/W2063928587","https://openalex.org/W1487966966","https://openalex.org/W1589342014","https://openalex.org/W1480341462","https://openalex.org/W598950423","https://openalex.org/W4256673449","https://openalex.org/W4292559016","https://openalex.org/W2143331802"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,15,119],"models":[2,120],"(LLMs),":[3],"such":[4,94,183],"as":[5,156,159,163],"GPT4":[6],"and":[7,24,62,114,141,161,165,169,185,189],"LLaMA,":[8],"are":[9,33,41],"creating":[10],"significant":[11],"advancements":[12],"in":[13,54,200],"natural":[14],"processing,":[16],"due":[17],"to":[18,36,99,117],"their":[19,85],"strong":[20],"text":[21,46],"encoding/decoding":[22],"ability":[23,95],"newly":[25],"found":[26],"emergent":[27],"capability":[28],"(e.g.,":[29,59,76],"reasoning).":[30,103],"While":[31],"LLMs":[32,82,130,151],"mainly":[34],"designed":[35],"process":[37],"pure":[38,86,137],"texts,":[39],"there":[40],"many":[42],"real-world":[43,180],"scenarios":[44,66,113,127],"where":[45,67],"data":[47,69],"is":[48,70,91],"associated":[49],"with":[50,72,78,195],"rich":[51,73],"structure":[52],"information":[53,75],"the":[55,167,179],"form":[56],"of":[57,112,128,171,174,182],"graphs":[58,100,132],"academic":[60],"networks,":[61],"e-commerce":[63],"networks)":[64],"or":[65],"graph":[68],"paired":[71],"textual":[74],"molecules":[77],"descriptions).":[79],"Besides,":[80],"although":[81],"have":[83],"shown":[84],"text-based":[87],"reasoning":[88],"ability,":[89],"it":[90],"underexplored":[92],"whether":[93],"can":[96],"be":[97],"generalized":[98],"(i.e.,":[101],"graph-based":[102],"In":[104],"this":[105,201],"paper,":[106],"we":[107,177,193],"provide":[108],"a":[109],"systematic":[110],"review":[111],"techniques":[115,148],"related":[116],"large":[118],"on":[121,131,152],"graphs.":[122,143],"We":[123,144],"first":[124],"summarize":[125,186],"potential":[126,196],"adopting":[129],"into":[133],"three":[134],"categories,":[135],"namely":[136],"graphs,":[138,140,153],"text-attributed":[139],"text-paired":[142],"then":[145],"discuss":[146,178],"detailed":[147],"for":[149],"utilizing":[150],"including":[154],"LLM":[155,158,162],"Predictor,":[157],"Encoder,":[160],"Aligner,":[164],"compare":[166],"advantages":[168],"disadvantages":[170],"different":[172],"schools":[173],"models.":[175],"Furthermore,":[176],"applications":[181],"methods":[184],"open-source":[187],"codes":[188],"benchmark":[190],"datasets.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"conclude":[194],"future":[197],"research":[198],"directions":[199],"fast-growing":[202],"field.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}