{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401507703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3436514","title":"RollStore: Hybrid Onchain-Offchain Data Indexing for Blockchain Applications","display_name":"RollStore: Hybrid Onchain-Offchain Data Indexing for Blockchain Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401507703","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3436514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3436514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3436514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659446","display_name":"Lin Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6210-2065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101700987","display_name":"Binbin Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101412441","display_name":"Faisal Nawab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-4600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Nawab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science Department, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100659446"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2196,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97037933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"12","first_page":"9176","last_page":"9191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8402401208877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8210351467132568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.6673553586006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5630807280540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.5466005802154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.5315596461296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5004158020019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3953518867492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.36460304260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.33046063780784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2342974841594696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1979598104953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.194585919380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.10306450724601746}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8402401208877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8210351467132568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.6673553586006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5630807280540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.5466005802154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.5315596461296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5004158020019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3953518867492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.36460304260253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.33046063780784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2342974841594696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1979598104953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.194585919380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.10306450724601746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3436514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3436514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W1705124964","https://openalex.org/W1972792640","https://openalex.org/W1979215153","https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W2038517014","https://openalex.org/W2039801792","https://openalex.org/W2101939036","https://openalex.org/W2676157184","https://openalex.org/W2914764703","https://openalex.org/W2914797198","https://openalex.org/W2916008479","https://openalex.org/W2936870424","https://openalex.org/W2948043589","https://openalex.org/W2952570284","https://openalex.org/W2963379900","https://openalex.org/W2970352341","https://openalex.org/W2971147021","https://openalex.org/W2975103933","https://openalex.org/W2979341164","https://openalex.org/W2981490091","https://openalex.org/W2989739431","https://openalex.org/W2997240167","https://openalex.org/W3000385461","https://openalex.org/W3010925139","https://openalex.org/W3023266124","https://openalex.org/W3031161010","https://openalex.org/W3098583838","https://openalex.org/W3101803561","https://openalex.org/W3127476229","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3170553340","https://openalex.org/W3175439315","https://openalex.org/W3185510629","https://openalex.org/W3198515637","https://openalex.org/W3214651532","https://openalex.org/W3214666114","https://openalex.org/W3216694898","https://openalex.org/W4210763765","https://openalex.org/W4211020381","https://openalex.org/W4214667959","https://openalex.org/W4285179693","https://openalex.org/W4287996026","https://openalex.org/W4288083744","https://openalex.org/W4289533977","https://openalex.org/W4362456955","https://openalex.org/W6691439149","https://openalex.org/W6754314453","https://openalex.org/W6761123062","https://openalex.org/W6771559036","https://openalex.org/W6780373310","https://openalex.org/W6798777315","https://openalex.org/W6947768674","https://openalex.org/W6967445234"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4396713893","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4396636834","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W4396241386","https://openalex.org/W4399333949","https://openalex.org/W4285166115"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"interest":[1],"in":[2,93,104,128],"building":[3],"blockchain":[4,30,47,67],"Decentralized":[5],"Applications":[6],"(DApps)":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"growing":[10],"over":[11],"the":[12,39,66,72,132,141,156,193],"past":[13],"few":[14],"years.":[15],"DApps":[16],"are":[17,23,26],"implemented":[18],"as":[19,100,102],"smart":[20,48,158],"contracts":[21],"which":[22],"programs":[24],"that":[25],"maintained":[27],"by":[28],"a":[29,82,118,126,129,165],"network.":[31],"Building":[32],"DApps,":[33],"however,":[34],"faces":[35],"many":[36,54],"challenges\u2014most":[37],"notably":[38],"performance":[40,196],"and":[41,74,98,174,185,195,204],"monetary":[42],"overhead":[43],"of":[44,65,71,95,106,187,198],"writing":[45],"to":[46,154,160,180],"contracts.":[49],"To":[50],"overcome":[51],"this":[52,77,115],"challenge,":[53],"DApp":[55],"developers":[56],"have":[57],"explored":[58],"utilizing":[59,150],"<italic":[60],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[61],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">off-chain</i>":[62],"resources\u2014nodes":[63],"outside":[64],"network\u2014to":[68],"offload":[69],"part":[70],"processing":[73],"storage.":[75],"In":[76],"paper,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"RollStore,":[81],"data":[83],"indexing":[84],"solution":[85],"for":[86],"hybrid":[87],"onchain-offchain":[88],"DApps.":[89],"RollStore":[90,113,199],"provides":[91],"efficiency":[92],"terms":[94,105],"reduced":[96],"cost":[97,194],"latency,":[99],"well":[101],"security":[103],"tolerating":[107],"Byzantine":[108],"(i.e.,":[109],"malicious)":[110],"off-chain":[111,162],"nodes.":[112],"achieves":[114],"by:":[116],"(1)":[117],"three-stage":[119],"commitment":[120],"strategy":[121],"where":[122],"each":[123],"stage":[124,134,143],"represents":[125],"point":[127],"performance-security":[130],"trade-off\u2014i.e.,":[131],"first":[133],"is":[135,144],"fast":[136],"but":[137,146],"less":[138],"secure":[139],"while":[140,200],"last":[142],"slower":[145],"more":[147],"secure.":[148],"(2)":[149],"zero-knowledge":[151],"(zk)":[152],"proofs":[153],"enable":[155,182],"on-chain":[157],"contract":[159],"verify":[161],"operations":[163],"with":[164,202],"small":[166],"cost.":[167],"(3)":[168],"Combining":[169],"Log-Structured":[170],"Merge":[171],"(LSM)":[172],"trees":[173,179],"Merkle":[175],"Mountain":[176],"Range":[177],"(MMR)":[178],"efficiently":[181],"both":[183],"access":[184],"verification":[186],"indexed":[188],"data.":[189],"We":[190],"experimentally":[191],"evaluate":[192],"benefits":[197],"comparing":[201],"BlockchainDB":[203],"BigChainDB.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T08:43:22.919905","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
