{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400033035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3419109","title":"Generalized Graph Prompt: Toward a Unification of Pre-Training and Downstream Tasks on Graphs","display_name":"Generalized Graph Prompt: Toward a Unification of Pre-Training and Downstream Tasks on Graphs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400033035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3419109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3419109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3419109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048717995","display_name":"Xingtong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2884-8578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingtong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2884-8578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114803740","display_name":"Zhenghao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9463-1385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9463-1385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055103025","display_name":"Yuan Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4265-5289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4265-5289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086824367","display_name":"Zemin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9211-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zemin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010030991","display_name":"Sihong Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sihong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tecent AI, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tecent AI, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002162759","display_name":"Xinming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8136-6834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8136-6834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97197743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"11","first_page":"6237","last_page":"6250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.8752999901771545,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.8752999901771545,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.8198999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12000","display_name":"Systems Engineering Methodologies and Applications","score":0.7811999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.8056222200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7780705690383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.49947595596313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.4170776605606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3965222239494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.23262935876846313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.8056222200393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7780705690383911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.49947595596313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.4170776605606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3965222239494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.23262935876846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tkde.2024.3419109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2024.3419109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30698027","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","issn_l":"1041-4347","issn":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4174942544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2EP20122-0041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1888005072","https://openalex.org/W2099438806","https://openalex.org/W2142498761","https://openalex.org/W2154851992","https://openalex.org/W2294347342","https://openalex.org/W2788919350","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2962756421","https://openalex.org/W2963224980","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2984323660","https://openalex.org/W3035725276","https://openalex.org/W3036446966","https://openalex.org/W3080997787","https://openalex.org/W3093957844","https://openalex.org/W3094094218","https://openalex.org/W3099152386","https://openalex.org/W3104097132","https://openalex.org/W3114632476","https://openalex.org/W3153329411","https://openalex.org/W3172133997","https://openalex.org/W3173421061","https://openalex.org/W3174146526","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3191845507","https://openalex.org/W3216703728","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4212805283","https://openalex.org/W4221141430","https://openalex.org/W4285601855","https://openalex.org/W4290877635","https://openalex.org/W4322614756","https://openalex.org/W4327652450","https://openalex.org/W4367046771","https://openalex.org/W4382203404","https://openalex.org/W4382239893","https://openalex.org/W4383468961","https://openalex.org/W4386187806","https://openalex.org/W4386275705","https://openalex.org/W4388936696","https://openalex.org/W4389370882","https://openalex.org/W4391556072","https://openalex.org/W4393147197","https://openalex.org/W4396757504","https://openalex.org/W6681029592","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6730084236","https://openalex.org/W6736057607","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6748856961","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6755573351","https://openalex.org/W6762122294","https://openalex.org/W6763315736","https://openalex.org/W6766156693","https://openalex.org/W6766904570","https://openalex.org/W6772452955","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779490673","https://openalex.org/W6780721981","https://openalex.org/W6784694379","https://openalex.org/W6789810805","https://openalex.org/W6795898371","https://openalex.org/W6796597629","https://openalex.org/W6796761347","https://openalex.org/W6809884082","https://openalex.org/W6861217128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2367630557","https://openalex.org/W101666983","https://openalex.org/W2183792531","https://openalex.org/W2595286499","https://openalex.org/W2794344379","https://openalex.org/W2471908688","https://openalex.org/W1845283042","https://openalex.org/W3171337446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphs":[0],"can":[1],"model":[2,167],"complex":[3],"relationships":[4],"between":[5,87],"objects,":[6],"enabling":[7],"a":[8,29,46,71,93,107,124,143,150,155,169,190,204,244,265,272],"myriad":[9],"of":[10,49,99,216,274,280],"Web":[11],"applications":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,28],"online":[15],"page/article":[16],"classification":[17],"and":[18,59,89,127,139,185,312,317],"social":[19],"recommendation.":[20],"While":[21],"graph":[22,33,218,247,283],"neural":[23],"networks":[24],"(GNNs)":[25],"have":[26,63],"emerged":[27],"powerful":[30],"tool":[31],"for":[32],"representation":[34],"learning,":[35],"in":[36,76,92,158,168,182,226,285],"an":[37],"end-to-end":[38],"supervised":[39],"setting,":[40],"their":[41],"performance":[42],"heavily":[43],"relies":[44],"on":[45,101,130,289,306],"large":[47],"amount":[48],"task-specific":[50,94,170],"supervision.":[51],"To":[52,220],"reduce":[53],"labeling":[54],"requirement,":[55],"the":[56,85,160,165,198,211,217,256,281,290,298],"\u201cpre-train,":[57,60],"fine-tune\u201d":[58],"prompt\u201d":[61],"paradigms":[62],"become":[64],"increasingly":[65],"common.":[66],"In":[67,116,172],"particular,":[68,173],"prompting":[69,100,128],"is":[70,81,103,194,208],"popular":[72,246],"alternative":[73],"to":[74,83,110,112,153,196,210,254,287,310],"fine-tuning":[75],"natural":[77],"language":[78],"processing,":[79],"which":[80],"designed":[82],"narrow":[84],"gap":[86],"pre-training":[88,126,138,184,248],"downstream":[90,114,140,156],"objectives":[91],"manner.":[95,171],"However,":[96],"existing":[97],"study":[98],"graphs":[102],"still":[104],"limited,":[105],"lacking":[106],"universal":[108],"treatment":[109],"appeal":[111],"different":[113,294],"tasks.":[115],"this":[117],"paper,":[118],"we":[119,230,242,263,302],"propose":[120,264],"<sc":[121,132,174,212,223,234,314,318],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[122,133,175,213,224,235,315,319],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GraphPrompt</small>,":[123],"novel":[125],"framework":[129],"graphs.":[131],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GraphPrompt</small>":[134,176,225,316],"not":[135],"only":[136],"unifies":[137],"tasks":[141,249],"into":[142,233],"common":[144],"task":[145,157,193,199,260],"template,":[146],"but":[147],"also":[148],"employs":[149],"learnable":[151,205],"prompt":[152,186,202,206,268,275],"assist":[154],"locating":[159],"most":[161],"relevant":[162],"knowledge":[163],"from":[164],"pre-trained":[166,282],"adopts":[177],"simple":[178,251],"yet":[179],"effective":[180],"designs":[181],"both":[183],"tuning:":[187],"During":[188],"pre-training,":[189],"link":[191,252],"prediction-based":[192],"used":[195],"materialize":[197],"template;":[200],"during":[201],"tuning,":[203],"vector":[207],"applied":[209],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ReadOut</small>":[214],"layer":[215,279],"encoder.":[219],"further":[221],"enhance":[222],"these":[227],"two":[228,238],"stages,":[229],"extend":[231],"it":[232],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GraphPrompt+</small>":[236],"with":[237,258],"major":[239],"enhancements.":[240],"First,":[241],"generalize":[243],"few":[245],"beyond":[250,296],"prediction":[253],"broaden":[255],"compatibility":[257],"our":[259],"template.":[261],"Second,":[262],"more":[266],"generalized":[267],"design":[269],"that":[270],"incorporates":[271],"series":[273],"vectors":[276],"within":[277],"every":[278],"encoder,":[284],"order":[286],"capitalize":[288],"hierarchical":[291],"information":[292],"across":[293],"layers":[295],"just":[297],"readout":[299],"layer.":[300],"Finally,":[301],"conduct":[303],"extensive":[304],"experiments":[305],"five":[307],"public":[308],"datasets":[309],"evaluate":[311],"analyze":[313],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">GraphPrompt+</small>.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
